Prepared by Inam Jazbi – Learn Chemistry
- 🎯 Targeted Preparation: Covers key sections likely to appear in exams.
- 🔢 Important Reactions: Step-by-step solutions for scoring high marks.
- 🧪 Concept Clarity: Smart Short-answer questions explained in simple language.
- ⏰ Smart Time Management: Suggested timings for each part to maximize efficiency.
- ✅ Exam-Oriented Approach: Structured exactly according to the paper pattern.
📝 Instructions
📚 Attempt 14 questions in all ---- 9 from Section B, 4 from Section C and the compulsory question No. 1 (Section A) of MCQs.
🔢 Write down proper numbering according to question paper. Do not copy questions.
✍️ Section B
🔹 Attempt 9 Short Questions ➡️ 4 marks each 🎯 Total = 36 marks
⏰ Suggested Time for Solution
🕒 Total: 90 mins
✍️ Each part: 9 mins
⚗️ Inorganic–General Chemistry Section 🧪
➡️ Attempt Any 4 Questions 📝
Q2 (i)
Explain the group trend and irregularities of ionization energy and atomic radii in the periodic table.
OR
What is bleaching powder? How it is prepared? Give its reactions with water and dilute HCl.
Q2 (ii)
What is diagonal relationship? Give diagonal relationship of Li-Mg, Be-Al and B-Si.
OR
Why transition elements have the tendency to form alloy? Write the name of three alloys of transition elements along with their composition.
OR
What are transition elements and outer transition elements? How are they classified? Why outer transition elements are called d-block element?
OR
Define d-block elements, why do they form colored compounds? Explain it in term of Crystal Field Theory.
Q2 (iii)
Write the IUPAC names of the following complexes:
⚛️ Na₂[Pt(OH)₄] →✅ Sodium tetrahydroxoplatinate(II)
⚛️ [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺ →✅ tetraamminezinc(II) ion
⚛️ [Ni(SCN)₄]²⁻ →✅ tetrathiocyanatonickelate(II) ion
⚛️ K₂[Fe(CN)₅NO] →✅ Potassium pentacyanonitrosylferrate(III)
⚛️ [Ag(NH₃)₂]OH →✅ diamminesilver(I) hydroxide
⚛️ K₃[Fe(CN)₆] →✅ Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
⚛️ K₃[Cr(C₂O₄)₂Cl₂] →✅ Potassium dichlorobis(oxalato)chromate(III)
⚛️ [Pt(en)₂(NO₂)₂]SO₄ →✅ Bis(ethylenediamine)dinitroplatinum(IV) sulphate
⚛️ K₃[Cu(C₂O₄)₂(CN)₂] →✅ Potassium dicyanobis(oxalato)cuprate(III)
⚛️ [Ni(CO₃)₂(OH)₂]²⁻ →✅ Dihydroxobis(carbonato)nickelate(II) ion
⚛️ [Cr(NH₃)₄Cl₂] →✅ tetraamminedichlorochromium(II)
⚛️ [Pt(en)₂Br₂] →✅ dibromobis(ethylenediamine)platinum(II)
⚛️ Na₃[Co(NO₂)₆] →✅ Sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III)
⚛️ NH₄[Cr(SCN)₄(NH₃)₂] →✅ Ammonium diamminetetrathiocyanatochromate(III)
⚛️ [Cr(NH₃)₂(NSC)₄]⁻ →✅ diamminetetrathiocyanatochromate(III) ion
⚛️ Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO] →✅ Sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate(III)
⚛️ [Fe(CN)₅NO]²⁻ →✅ pentacyanonitrosylferrate(III) ion
⚛️ K₃[Cr(C₂O₄)₂Cl₂] →✅ Potassium dichloridobis(oxalato)chromate(III)
⚛️ [Pt(en)₂(NO₂)₂]Cl₂ →✅ Bis(ethylenediamine)dinitroplatinum(IV) chloride
⚛️ [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄ →✅ tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate
OR
Q2. Give the formulae of the following complexes.
🟠 tetraamminedichlorochromium(III) chloride →✅ [Cr(NH₃)₄Cl₂]Cl
🟠 tetracarbonylnickel(0) →✅ [Ni(CO)₄]
🟠 tetranitrochromate(III) ion →✅ [Cr(NO₂)₄]⁻
🟠 Tollen’s reagent →✅ [Ag(OH)₂]OH
🟠 potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) →✅ K₃[Fe(CN)₆]
🟠 Nessler’s Reagent →✅ K₂[HgI₄]
Q2 (iv)
Explain colour formation, magnetic properties and variable oxidation state of transition elements.
OR
What is meant by binding energy? Explain the trend of binding energy in 3d series of transitions elements.
Q2 (v)
Why Beryllium differs markedly from other members of II A group? Write down four properties of beryllium that show its unique behaviour in group II A. Also write the reason why beryllium does not react with cold water and steam?
OR
What is flame test? What is the basis of flame test? Mention the colour flame of s-block elements.
Q2 (vi)
Using electronic configuration, identify the block, period & group of the elements with the Z = 16, 24, 29, 35, 47 and 53.
OR
Define ligands and chelating agents with examples. Write down names and formulae of 5 neutral, 5 negative, 2 bidentate and 2 polydentate ligands.
Q2 (vii)
Give the general valence shell electronic configuration of the following:
➡️ Representative elements (ns¹⁻² to ns² np¹⁻⁶)
➡️ Chalcogens (ns² np⁴) and Halogens (ns² np⁵)
➡️ Outer (n–1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns¹⁻² and Inner transition elements (n–2)f²⁻¹⁴ (n–1)d¹⁻² ns²
➡️ Alkali metals (ns¹) and coinage metals (n–1)d¹⁰ ns¹)
Q2 (viii)
What is Catalytic converter? What are the main pollution targeted by catalytic converter?
OR
How was ozone layer formed? Explain the causes of depletion of ozone layer.
OR
Define green house gases. How green house gases cause to global warming?
Q2 (ix)
What is industrial smog and how is it formed?
OR
Explain four fundamental methods for the testing of waste water.
OR
What information about the structure of a molecule we can get from mass spectroscopy? Give the applications of mass spectroscopy.
Q2 (x)
Give the scope of pharmaceutical industries in Pakistan. Write down names of five drugs with their uses.
OR
What is meant by acid rain? Describe its cuases and adverse effects on human life style and health. What measures can be taken to prevent acid rain?
OR
Describe the preparation and two properties of nylon, terylene and PVC.
Q2 (xi)
Write down complete balanced action of following reactions:
➡️ Magnesium is heated with nitrogen gas.
➡️ Potassium is put into ethyl alcohol.
➡️ Chlorine react with nitrogen.
➡️ Fluorine reacts with oxygen.
➡️ Aluminium reacts with water.
➡️ Silicon reacts with steam.
➡️ Bleaching powder is dissolved in water.
➡️ Phosphorus reacts vigorously with water.
➡️ Reaction of chromium with steam.
➡️ Reaction of dichromate with ferrous salt.
➡️ Reaction of manganese with air.
➡️ Sulphur reacts at high temperature with water.
➡️ Silicon is heated with nitrogen at high temperatures.
➡️ Phosphorus reacts with nitrogen at high temperature.
➡️ Nitrogen reacts with oxygen in the presence of catalyst.
➡️ A piece of aluminium is dropped into concentrated sulphuric acid.
➡️ Ferric chloride is mixed in an aqueous solution of caustic soda.
➡️ Chlorine gas is passed through an aqueous solution of caustic soda.
➡️ Reaction of conc. nitric acid with copper.
➡️ Reaction of conc. sulphuric acid with copper.
➡️ Reaction of permanganate with oxalic acid.
➡️ Reaction of manganese with dilute sulphuric acid.
Q2 (xii)
Complete and balance the following chemical equations:
➡️ 2Li₍ₛ₎ + H₂(g) → 2LiH
➡️ 2Na₍ₛ₎ + Cl₂(g) → 2NaCl₍ₛ₎
➡️ 6Na₍ₛ₎ + N₂(g) → 2Na₃N₍ₛ₎
➡️ 3Ca₍ₛ₎ + N₂(g) → Ca₃N₂₍ₛ₎
➡️ 6Li₍ₛ₎ + N₂(g) → 2Li₃N₍ₛ₎
➡️ 4Li₍ₛ₎ + O₂(g) → 2Li₂O₍ₛ₎
➡️ 4Na₍ₛ₎ + O₂(g) → 2Na₂O₍ₛ₎
➡️ 2Na₍ₛ₎ + O₂(g) —Excess O₂→ Na₂O₂₍ₛ₎
➡️ K₍ₛ₎ + O₂(g) → KO₂₍ₛ₎
➡️ Rb₍ₛ₎ + O₂(g) → RbO₂₍ₛ₎
➡️ 2Be₍ₛ₎ + O₂(g) → 2BeO₍ₛ₎
➡️ Sr₍ₛ₎ + O₂(g) → SrO₂₍ₛ₎
➡️ Si₍ₛ₎ + 2H₂O₍ₗ₎ → SiO₂₍ₛ₎ + 2H₂↑
➡️ 3Si₍ₛ₎ + 2N₂(g) → Si₃N₄₍ₛ₎
➡️ Si₍ₛ₎ + 2H₂(g) → SiH₄(g)
➡️ Si₍ₛ₎ + 2H₂O₍ₗ₎ → SO₂(aq) + 2H₂↑
➡️ 4P(g) + 5O₂(g) —Excess O₂→ 2P₂O₅(g)
➡️ 4P(g) + 3O₂(g) —Limited O₂→ 2P₂O₃(g)
➡️ 2N₂(g) + O₂(g) —Catalyst→ 2N₂O(g)
➡️ 2Na + 2C₂H₅OH(aq) → 2C₂H₅ONa(aq) + H₂(g)↑
➡️ 6OH⁻ + 3Cl₂ —Excess O₂→ 5Cl⁻ + ClO₃⁻ + 3H₂O
➡️ 6NaOH + 3Cl₂ —Excess O₂→ 5NaCl + NaClO₃ + 3H₂O
➡️ CaOCl₂ + 2H₂O₍ₗ₎ → Ca(OH)₂ + 2HOCl
➡️ 2K₍ₛ₎ + 2HCl(aq) + H₂O₍ₗ₎ → 2KCl(aq) + H₂(g)↑
➡️ 4B₍ₛ₎ + 3O₂(g) → 2B₂O₃₍ₛ₎
➡️ N₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2NO(g)
➡️ N₂(g) + 3Cl₂(g) → 2NCl₃(g)
➡️ 2P₄₍ₛ₎ + 12H₂O₍ₗ₎ → 3H₃PO₄(aq) + 5PH₃↑
➡️ 6P₍ₛ₎ + 5N₂(g) → 2P₃N₅₍ₛ₎
➡️ 2F₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2OF₂(g)
➡️ 2Al₍ₛ₎ + 6H₂O₍ₗ₎ → 2Al(OH)₃₍ₛ₎ + 3H₂↑
➡️ 2Al₍ₛ₎ + N₂(g) → 2AlN₍ₛ₎
➡️ Zn₍ₛ₎ + 2NaOH(g) → Na₂ZnO₍aq₎ + H₂↑
➡️ 2Na/Hg₍ₗ₎ + 2H₂O₍ₗ₎ → 2NaOH₍aq₎ + H₂↑ + 2Hg₍ₗ₎
Q2 (xiii)
Give reasons of any 4 of the following:
➡️ Ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in s-block elements.
➡️ H₂O and NH₃ act as ligands but H₃O⁺ and NH₄⁺ do not.
➡️ Fluorine is the strongest oxidizing agent and lithium is the strongest reducing agent.
➡️ Alkali metals are good conductor of electricity.
➡️ Melting and boiling points of zinc are exceptionally low.
➡️ Multidentate ligands are known as chelating agents.
➡️ The transition metals complexes are coloured.
➡️ Mn²⁺ show maximum paramagnetic character amongst the bivalent ions of first transition series.
➡️ Melting point of d-block elements increase up to middle of the series and then decrease why.
➡️ Configuration of ₂₄Cr is 3d⁵ 4s¹ instead of 3d⁴ 4s² & Configuration of ₂₉Cu is 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ instead of 3d⁹ 4s².
➡️ Melting point of d-block elements increase up to middle of the series and then decrease why.
➡️ Why Cu²⁺ ions is blue but Zn²⁺ is Colorless.
➡️ Acidity of hydrogen halide increases from HF to HI.
➡️ Gallium has smaller atomic radii than aluminum despite being below the aluminum in group IIIA.
➡️ Electronegativity decreases regularly from top to bottom in s-block elements.
➡️ Boiling point of halogens increases down the group in the periodic table.
➡️ Transition elements have ability to form alloys.
➡️ Why are the binding energy of Mn²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions the highest and that of zinc is least in 3d series.
➡️ Why do transition elements show variable oxidation states.
➡️ Paramagnetic behaviour is the strongest for Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺.
➡️ The maximum OS increase in each transition series up to the middle of series & then decreases afterward.
➡️ How the given reaction is avoided during the preparation of NaOH?
6OH⁻ + Cl₂ ➔ Cl⁻ + ClO₃⁻ + 3H₂O
➡️ Ligands are generally called Lewis bases.
⚗️ Organic Chemistry Section 🧪
➡️ Attempt Any 5 Questions 📝
Q2 (xiv)
Define any FOUR of the following:
Catenation, Reforming, homologous series, Functional group, chiral carbon, enantiomers, knocking, octane number, Polymerization (polymers), isomerism (isomers), metamerism, knock-inhibitor, carbonization, heterocyclics, Saponification, Glycosidic linkage, peptide bond, zwitterion, electrophile, nucleophile, Huckle rule, aromaticity.
OR
Write down Two differences between the following:
(a) Reducing and non-reducing sugars
(b) Aliphatic and aromatic compounds
(ii) Saturated and unsaturated compounds (BUT)
(d) Total & partial synthesis of organic compounds
OR
Define Bucky Ball. Explain its structure and mention its some properties and uses.
Q2 (xv)
We often use the term iso and neo in the common system of naming of alkanes. Explain with examples.
OR
If an organic compound contains both double and triple bond in the main carbon chain, what rules you follow to write its IUPAC names. Explain by giving an example.
Q2 (xvi)
How is coal produced under the earth crust? Write the name of four types of coal and mention the %age of carbon content in them. Explain destructive distillation of coal and various products obtained from it.
OR
Define homologous series and write its three general properties.
Q2 (xvii)
Draw the orbital structure of ethane or ethene and ethyne and explain how ethyne is distinguished from ethene by a simple chemical test.
OR
What is free radical? Give stepwise mechanism for the chlorination of methane.
Q2 (xviii)
Why benzene show stability towards addition reaction? Why benzene gives electrophilic substitution reaction? Write the chemical equations for the Friedel-Craft reaction and Sulphonation. Also write stepwise the mechanism of nitration or acylation of benzene.
OR
Identify each of the following with one laboratory test:
➡️ Alcohol
➡️ Phenol
➡️ Alkene
➡️ Aldehyde
Q2 (xix)
What is meant by stereo isomerism, chiral carbon and plane polarized light? Define optical and cis and trans isomers with examples. Explain optical isomerism briefly.
OR
What is meant by isomerism? Explain four different types of structural isomers and two types of stereoisomerism and give one example of each. Draw all possible isomers of pentyl alcohol (or pentyl chloride), pentene, butyne & compound with formula C₃H₆O and C₂H₄O₂.
OR
Write note on classification of organic compounds and Natural sources of Organic Compounds.
Q2 (xx)
Define organo-metallic compound with examples. What is Grignard’s reagent? Write the equation of its (methyl magnesium iodide) like reaction with:
➡️ Water ➡️ Dry ice ➡️ Formalin ➡️ Methyl amine ➡️ Carbonyl compounds
OR
Write the equation for the reaction of acetaldehyde with the following:
Chromic acid, lithium aluminium hydride, Zinc-mercury amalgam, hydroxylamine, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide.
Q2 (xxi)
Why are alkyl amines basic in nature? How a primary alkyl amine is converted into secondary & tertiary amine?
OR
Define primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Why are amines basic in nature? Explain why secondary amines are more basic than primary amines. How can we prepare ethyl amine from the following compounds?
* Ethyl iodide
* Methyl cyanide
* Ethanamide
Q2 (xxii)
Name four derivatives of carboxylic acids with their class formulae and write the equations of their preparation.
OR
Discuss the acidic nature of carboxylic acid. How is carboxylic acid prepared by:
➡️ Hydrolysis of alkyl nitrile (Methyl Nitrile)
➡️ Oxidation of primary alcohols (Ethanal)
➡️ Oxidation of ketone (Acetone)
➡️ Carbonation of Grignard’s reagent (Methyl magnesium chloride)
Q2 (xxiii)
Define nucleophilic substitution reaction. How can we prepare following compounds using CH₃Br?
➡️ CH₃SH
➡️ CH₃OCH₃
➡️ CH₃COOCH₃
➡️ CH₃CN
Q2 (xxiv)
Give the scope of pharmaceutical industries in Pakistan. Write down names of five drugs with their uses.
OR
What is antihistamine drug? Give the symptoms in which it is used.
Q2 (xxv)
Consider the following structures and answer the following questions:
(A) CH₂=CH₂ (B) C₆H₆
(a) Draw the hybrid structure of A
(b) Write equation for the conversion of B into acetophenone.
(c) Write the equation for the conversion of A into acetic acid.
(d) Write the equations for the conversion of B into phenol and TNT.
OR
The structure of two organic compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’ are shown below:
(A) CH₂=CH₂ (B) HC≡CH
(a) Draw and explain the orbital structure of A and specify hybridization and bond angle.
(b) Write the equations, when A and B react with ozone (ozonolysis).
Q2 (xxvi)
What are synthetic polymers? Write down the names of two synthetic and two natural polymers? Write down the preparation of two condensation polymers and one addition polymer with equations.
OR
Distinguish two types of polymers based on mode of polymerization and action of heat. Which polymer is obtained on polymerization of following monomers. Write complete reaction equation:
➡️ Vinyl chloride
➡️ Adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine
➡️ Ethylene glycol and Terephthalic acid
Q2 (xxvii)
Give the equation and write the name of final product in the following process. (write only equation)
➡️ Reaction of benzene diazonium chloride with water at high temperature
➡️ Reaction of propyl alcohol with thionyl chloride
➡️ Reaction of phenol with concentrated sulphuric acid at low and high temperature
➡️ Acetylene or propyne reacts with water in presence of H₂SO₄ and HgSO₄ at 75°C
➡️ 1,2-dibromoethane is heated with alcoholic KOH
➡️ Reduction of acetic acid with LiAlH₄
➡️ Reaction of sodium ethanoate in the presence of soda lime
➡️ Oxidation of acetone with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇
➡️ Ethyne is treated with hydrogen bromide
➡️ Reaction of propene with HBr
➡️ Ethanol in excess, is heated in presence of H₂SO₄
➡️ Ethene or 2-butene is ozonolyzed
➡️ Ethene is treated with oxygen in presence of peracetic acid at 100°C
OR
How can we prepare following compounds (any four):
(a) Ethanal from ethyne
(b) Phenyl hydrazone from formaldehyde
(c) Ethanol from organo-metallic compound
(d) Oxime from acetaldehyde
(e) tert-butyl alcohol from Grignard’s reagent
(f) Ethene from ethanol
(g) Bromohydrin from ethene
(h) Ethyne from ethene
Q2 (xxviii)
Write only the equations for the following reactions:
Williamson’s synthesis, Dow’s process, Esterification, Saponification, Clemmensen Reduction.
OR
What is Lucas reagent and Lucas test? How is this test used to distinguish three types of alcohols.
OR
Write down two methods of preparation of ethers. How is oxonium salt of ether formed?
Q2 (xxix)
Explain the following with scientific reasons:
(a) Ethanol is liquid but ethyl chloride is a gas at room temperature.
(b) Boiling point of alcohol is higher than ether and carbonyl compounds.
(c) Formaldehyde is highly soluble in water as compared to other aldehydes.
(d) Oxidation of aldehydes is faster than ketones.
(e) The boiling point of carboxylic acids are high than alcohol.
(f) The structure of carboxylic acid is trigonal planar.
(g) tert-alcohols cannot be oxidized.
OR
Differentiate between atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy. What is the purpose of UV-visible spectroscopy? What are its applications in chemistry and biology?
✍️ Section C
🔹 Attempt 4 Detailed Questions ➡️ 8 marks each 🎯 Total = 32 marks
⏰ Suggested Time for Solution
🕒 Total: 70 mins
✍️ Each part: 17.5 mins
Q3
Draw a flow diagram of contact process and describe various steps involved in the industrial manufacture of oil of vitriol. Write the reactions of concentrated Sulphuric acid with Al and sucrose.
OR
Describe various steps involved in the extraction of 99.99% pure copper from its chalcopyrite ore. (Draw diagram where necessary)
Q4
What is water pollution? Discuss different types of water pollution also explain any parameters of drinking water analysis.
OR
Define Troposphere and Stratosphere. Describe the chemistry involved due to the presence of oxides of carbon and nitrogen in the troposphere. (Write equations where necessary)
Q5
Explain with the help of a diagram of Castner Kellner cell, how caustic soda is obtained by the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride. Write down merits and demerits of Castner Kellner process. Write down action of sodium hydroxide solution on zinc and aluminium metal.
OR
Write the balanced chemical equations for the following chemical processes:
➡️ Bleaching powder is dissolved in water.
➡️ Fluorine reacts with oxygen.
➡️ Potassium is put into ethyl alcohol.
➡️ Carbon heated with nitrogen at high temperature.
➡️ Permanganate ion reacts with oxalic acid.
➡️ Manganese reacts with air.
➡️ Potassium dichromate dissolved in water at neutral pH.
➡️ Phosphorus is put in water.
➡️ Sodium burns in excess of air.
➡️ Silicon reacts with steam.
➡️ Sulphur reacts at high temperature with water.
➡️ Phosphorus reacts with nitrogen at high temperature.
➡️ Chlorine reacts with nitrogen.
➡️ A piece of aluminium is dropped into concentrated sulphuric acid.
➡️ Ferric chloride is mixed in an aqueous solution of caustic soda.
➡️ Chlorine gas is passed through hot and cold aqueous solution of caustic soda.
➡️ Reaction of cuprous oxide with cuprous sulphide.
➡️ Reaction of chromium with steam at high temperature.
➡️ A mixture of carbon and silicon is heated under elevated temperature.
➡️ Bleaching powder is treated with hydrochloric acid.
➡️ Copper is treated with concentrated nitric acid.
➡️ A piece of chromium is put into dilute hydrochloric acid.
➡️ Reaction between KMnO₄ and FeSO₄ in the presence of H₂SO₄ (write ionic equation).
➡️ Reaction between K₂Cr₂O₇ and FeSO₄ in the presence of H₂SO₄ (write ionic equation).
Q6
(a) What is the main cause of Global warming? How does it effect on weather pattern?
(b) Complete and balance the following chemical equations:
➡️ 2Cr₍ₛ₎ + 3H₂O₍ₗ₎ → Cr₂O₃₍ₛ₎ + 3H₂↑
➡️ 2Li₍ₛ₎ + H₂₍g₎ → 2LiH₍ₛ₎
➡️ 6Na₍ₛ₎ + N₂₍g₎ → 2Na₃N₍ₛ₎
➡️ 3Ca₍ₛ₎ + N₂₍g₎ → Ca₃N₂₍ₛ₎
➡️ 6Li₍ₛ₎ + N₂₍g₎ → 2Li₃N₍ₛ₎
➡️ K₍ₛ₎ + O₂₍g₎ → KO₂₍ₛ₎
➡️ 2Cr₍ₛ₎ + 6HCl₍aq₎ → 2CrCl₃₍aq₎ + 3H₂↑
➡️ 3Mn₍ₛ₎ + 2O₂₍aq₎ → Mn₃O₄₍ₛ₎
➡️ MnO₄⁻₍aq₎ + 5Fe²⁺₍aq₎ + 8H⁺₍aq₎ → Mn²⁺₍aq₎ + 5Fe³⁺₍aq₎ + 4H₂O
➡️ 2MnO₄⁻₍aq₎ + 5H₂C₂O₄₍aq₎ + 6H⁺₍aq₎ → 2Mn²⁺₍aq₎ + 10CO₂₍g₎ + 8H₂O
➡️ 2Cr₂O₇²⁻₍aq₎ + 3H₂C₂O₄₍aq₎ + 8H⁺₍aq₎ → 4Cr³⁺₍aq₎ + 6CO₂₍g₎ + 7H₂O
⚗️ Organic Chemistry Section (Long Questions)🧪
➡️ Attempt Any 2 Questions 📝
Q7
What is meant by nucleophile? Differentiate between Sɴ₁ and Sɴ₂ reactions. Explain the reaction mechanism of Sɴ₁ and Sɴ₂ reactions.
OR
Write down names, type formula and characteristic groups of three types of monohaloalkane. Explain the mechanism of following reactions: (No description is required).
(i) NaOH or KOH reacts with 2-bromo-2-methylpropane; (CH₃)₃CBr (3° alkyl halide)
(ii) NaSH/KSH reacts with 2-chlorobutane (2° alkyl halide) in the presence of aprotic or protic solvents
(iii) NaCN or KCN reacts with 1-chlorobutane; CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Cl (1° alkyl halide)
Q8
Write down structural formulae of any 8 of the following organic molecules:
TNT, Benzophenone, Picric acid, p-cresol, isobutyraldehyde, oxalic acid, ethylene glycol, neopentyl alcohol, di-isopropyl ketone, iso-valeric acid, Resorcinol, 2-ethoxyhexane, trifluroacetic acid, triphenyl amine, divinyl acetylene, carbinol, isobutyric acid, glyoxal, Resorcinol, isobutanoyl bromide, Adipic acid, Cyclopentane, diphenyl ether, 1,2,3-benzentriol (Pyrogallol), isopropyl butanoate, divinyl acetylene, 2-methoxy-2-methylbutane, α,β-dimethyl valerte, isopropyl propionate, Ethyl neo-pentyl ether, Neo Pentyl iodide, Benzamide, Benzene-1,4-dioic acid (Terephthalic Acid).
Q9
Define β-elimination reactions. Mention its two types and give difference between them and Outline the mechanism of reaction between sec-butyl chloride & alcoholic KOH in the presence of polar protic and polar aprotic solvents?
OR
What are proteins? Classify various types of proteins on the basis of their function and structures. Also give biological significance and properties of proteins.
Q10
Explain ONE simple laboratory test to distinguish between any 4 of the following pairs of compounds:
(i) Alkanes and alkenes
(ii) Propanal and propanone
(iii) Alcohol and phenol
(iv) n-hexane and benzene
(v) 1-butyne and 2-butyne
(vi) Alkenes and alkynes
Q11
What is meant by orientation of benzene? Explain ortho-para and meta directing groups. Write the equation for the preparation of the following compounds from benzene:
* TNT
* m-nitrotoluene
* m-nitrobenzoic acid
* o- and p-nitrotoluene
OR
Complete and balance any five of the following reactions:
OR
Write the equation for the nucleophilic addition reaction of formaldehyde with hydrogen cyanide, primary alcohol, ammonia, hydroxylamine, primary alcohol and Grignard’s reagent.
Q12
What are carbohydrates? Classify them on the basis of structure and give their biological significance. Explain glycosidic linkage and open chain and close chain structures of glucose and fructose.
OR
What is green house effect? How does human activities contribute to the enhancement of the green house effect?
OR
What is the main cause of Global warming? How does it effect on weather pattern?
OR
Explain structural isomerism and stereoisomerism with suitable examples.
Q13
Write the equation for the following reactions. (Any Eight)
➡️ Formation of amide from ethanoic acid
➡️ Reaction of acetaldehyde with hydroxyl amine
➡️ Oxidation of 1°-alcohol with PCC
➡️ Formation of acetic anhydride from acetic acid
➡️ Reaction of ethylene glycol with periodic acid
➡️ Formation of picric acid from phenol
➡️ Formation of 3° alcohol from ketone
➡️ Reduction of acetone by lithium aluminium hydride
➡️ Reduction of ethanal by mixture of zinc amalgam and concentrated HCl
➡️ Formation of benzoquinone from phenol
➡️ Formation of primary alcohol from carboxylic acid
➡️ Reduction of acetone by mixture of zinc amalgam and concentrated HCl
➡️ Reaction of phenol with H2SO4 at 20°C
➡️ Reaction of propanone with hydroxyl amine
➡️ Ethanol, in excess, is heated up to 140°C in presence of H2SO4
➡️ Oxidation of 2°-alcohol with K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
➡️ Dehydration of ethyl alcohol at 170°C in conc. H2SO4
➡️ Reduction of acetone with LiAlH4
OR
Write down the IUPAC names of any 8 of the following organic compounds:
◉ CH₂=CH−HC=CH−C≡CH
◉ CH₃−CH=CH−CH₂−COOH
◉ CH₃–CH₂–O–C(CH₃)2C2H5
◉ (CH₃)2CH−CO−CH(C2H5)2
◉ CH₂=CH−CH−C≡CH
◉ CH₂=CH−C≡C−CH=CH2
◉ CH₂=CH−(CH2)4−COOH
◉ (CH₃)₃C−CO−CH2CH2−CHO
◉ CH₃COCCl3
◉ F₃C−COOH
◉ OHC−CHO
◉ (CH₃)₃C−CO−CH2CH₃
◉ (C6H5)3C−CHO
◉ CH2=CH−CH(OH)−CH2−COOH
◉ C2H5−O−CH2−C(CH3)3
◉ C2H5−CH2−COO−CH(CH3)2
◉ (CH3)2CH−CO−C(CH3)3
◉ CH3−(CHOH)2−CH2OH
◉ CH2(OH)2
◉ Adipic acid (HOOC−(CH2)4−COOH)
◉ Cyclopentane (C5H10)
◉ Diphenyl ether (C6H5−O−C6H5)
◉ 1,2,3-benzenetriol (Pyrogallol)
◉ Benzamide (C6H5−CONH2)
◉ Benzene-1,4-dioic acid (Terephthalic Acid, HOOC−C6H4−COOH)
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