Model Test Questions XI on Electrochemistry and Oxidation Number (Chapter # 12)

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📘 Model Test Questions Electrochemistry (Chapter # 12)

📝 Short-Answer Questions

Q1. Define oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent and redox reactions in terms of electron transfer. Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in the following reaction:
Mg + H₂SO₄ → MgSO₄ + H₂
Q2*. Distinguish between:
(i) Primary and secondary cell
(ii) Oxidation and reduction
(iii) Oxidizing and reducing agent
(iv) Oxidation number and valency
Q3*. What is meant by oxidation number? State its rules.
Q4*. Determine the oxidation number of the central atom in:
(i) Cr in H₂CrO₄ (ii) S in K₂S₄O₆ (iii) Fe in Fe₃O₄
(iv) Cl in HClO₄ (v) N in NH₄⁺ (vi) O in OH⁻
(vii) Al in AlF₆³⁻
Q5. Identify the redox reactions and indicate oxidation, reduction, oxidizing and reducing agents:
(i) HNO₃ + 2HCl → NOCl + Cl₂ + 2H₂O
(ii) HgCl₂ + 2KI → HgI₂ + 2KCl
(iii) Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂
(iv) PCl₃ + 3H₂O → 3HCl + H₃PO₃
(v) H₂S + Br₂ → 2HBr + S
(vi) 4NH₃ + 3O₂ → 2N₂ + 6H₂O
(vii) H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl
(viii) Zn + Cl₂ → ZnCl₂
(ix) 2Ca + O₂ → 2CaO
(x) 2Li + S → Li₂S

📖 Descriptive Questions

Q1. What is meant by electrode potential and standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)? Describe how the electrode potential of zinc or copper is determined.
Q2. What is a galvanic cell? Sketch a copper–zinc galvanic cell, write the cell reaction, cell diagram and direction of electron flow.
Q3. Differentiate between primary and secondary cells. Sketch a dry cell and explain its working.
Q4. Balance any two of the following equations using the ion–electron method (acidic and basic medium).
H₂S + HNO₃S + NO + H₂O (Acidic medium)

CuS + NO₃⁻CuSO₄ + NO (Acidic medium)

MnO₄⁻ + C₂O₄²⁻Mn²⁺ + CO₂ (Acidic medium)

MnO₄⁻ + Cl⁻Mn²⁺ + Cl₂ (Acidic medium)

MnO₄⁻ + SO₃²⁻Mn²⁺ + SO₄²⁻ (Acidic medium)

Cr₂O₇²⁻ + I₂Cr³⁺ + IO₃⁻ + H₂O (Acidic medium)

Cr₂O₇²⁻ + Fe²⁺Cr³⁺ + Fe³⁺ + H₂O (Acidic medium)

Cr₂O₇²⁻ + I⁻ + H⁺Cr³⁺ + IO₃⁻ + H₂O (Acidic medium)

NO₃⁻ + ZnZnO₂²⁻ + NH₃ (Basic medium)

Cr(OH)₃ + H₂O₂CrO₄²⁻ + OH⁻ (Basic medium)

Cl₂ + OH⁻Cl⁻ + ClO₃⁻ + H₂O (Basic medium)

🔋 Text Book MCQs on Electrochemistry & Oxidation Number

Pick up the best answer (Write only option number)

1. The outer body of dry cell serves as anode, it is made up of:
(a) Copper
(b) Zinc ✔ Zinc container acts as anode
(c) Lead
(d) Iron
2. Conduction of electricity through an electrolytic solution is due to the flow of:
(a) Electrons
(b) Ions ✔ Ions carry charge in solution
(c) Atoms
(d) Molecules
3. During electrolysis, the reaction that takes place at anode is:
(a) Oxidation ✔ Loss of electrons occurs at anode
(b) Simultaneous oxidation and reduction
(c) Hydrolysis
(d) Reduction
4. The strongest oxidizing agent in the electrochemical series is:
(a) Li
(b) H₂
(c) Cu
(d) F ✔ Highest reduction potential
5. Galvanized rod of iron is coated with:
(a) Nickel
(b) Zinc ✔ Prevents corrosion of iron
(c) Chromium
(d) Carbon
6. Oxidation number of Cr in Na₂Cr₂O₇ is:
(a) +3
(b) +6 ✔ Dichromate chromium is +6
(c) +8
(d) +12
7. Which half-cell reaction shows oxidation?
(a) Fe³⁺ → Fe²⁺
(b) Cl₂ → 2Cl⁻
(c) SO₄²⁻ → SO₃²⁻
(d) Zn → Zn²⁺ ✔ Loss of electrons
8. Fuel cell is based on the reaction between:
(a) Nitrogen and oxygen
(b) Hydrogen and oxygen ✔ Used in hydrogen fuel cells
(c) Methane and oxygen
(d) Hydrogen and zinc
9. In Zn–SHE voltaic cell, reaction at anode is:
(a) Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Zn
(b) Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻ ✔ Zinc undergoes oxidation
(c) 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → H₂
(d) H₂ → 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
10. This statement is NOT correct for lead storage battery:
(a) It can be recharged
(b) It is a primary battery ✔ It is a secondary battery
(c) Anode is lead
(d) Cathode is lead oxide

📜 Past Papers MCQs on Electrochemistry & Oxidation Number

1. Redox reactions are ………….. reactions:
(a) Proton transfer
(b) Electron transfer ✔ Based on loss and gain of electrons
(c) Neutron transfer
(d) None
2. Which one of the following is electro-chemical reaction?
(a) Non-redox reaction
(b) Redox reaction ✔ Electrical energy ↔ chemical energy
(c) Oxidation
(d) Reduction
3. Oxidation number of S in SO₂Cl₂ is:
(a) +4
(b) +6 ✔ Sulphur is highly oxidized
(c) −2
(d) −6
4. Oxidation number of N in NOCl is:
(a) −3
(b) +3 ✔ Calculated using ON rules
(c) +1
(d) +5
5. In which compound oxygen shows oxidation state −½ ?
(a) Na₂O₂
(b) KO₂ ✔ Superoxide ion (O₂⁻)
(c) BaO₂
(d) OF₂
6. Oxidation number of S in SO₃²⁻ ion is:
(a) −2
(b) +4 ✔ Sulphite ion sulphur
(c) +6
(d) +2
7. Oxidation number of N in NH₄NO₃ is:
(a) −3
(b) +5
(c) +1
(d) All of them ✔ Two N atoms have different ONs
8. Oxidation number of Cl in Cl₂O is:
(a) +2
(b) −1
(c) +1 ✔ Oxygen is −2
(d) −2
9. Oxidation number of S in S₈ is:
(a) −3
(b) +3
(c) Zero ✔ Free element
(d) +4
10. With NaOH, chlorine undergoes ………………. reaction:
(a) Redox
(b) Auto-redox reaction ✔ Disproportionation
(c) Displacement
(d) Precipitation
11. Which of them can act as oxidizing agent?
(a) Ozone ✔ Strong oxidizer
(b) H₂
(c) C
(d) CO
12. In which reaction does the oxidation state of N show the greatest increase?
(I) NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl
(II) 2NH₃ + 3CuO → N₂ + 3Cu + 3H₂O
(III) 2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂
(IV) 2NO₃⁻ + Cu + 4H⁺ → 2NO₂ + Cu²⁺ + 2H₂O
(a) I only
(b) II only ✔ NH₃ → N₂ oxidation by CuO
(c) III and IV only
(d) I and III
13. Which represents oxidation?
(I) Cl₂ → 2Cl⁻
(II) S²⁻ → S
(III) Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺
(III) Zn²⁺ → Zn
(a) I only
(b) II and III only✔ Loss of electrons occurs
(c) III and IV only
(d) I, II and III
14. In which change there is a transfer of five electrons?
(I) MnO₄⁻ → Mn²⁺
(II) MnO₄²⁻ → MnO₂
(III) CrO₄²⁻ → Cr³⁺
(IV) Cr₂O₇²⁻ → 2Cr³⁺
(a) I ✔ MnO₄⁻ → Mn²⁺ involves 5e⁻
(b) II
(c) III and IV
(d) I and III
15. Number of electrons transferred in a covalent molecule is reflected by:
(a) Oxidation number ✔ Shows e⁻ gain/loss
(b) Valency
(c) Molecularity
(d) Atomicity
16. In which does Z have the same oxidation state as in ZCl₃?
(a) Z₂O
(b) Z₃O
(c) ZO₂ ✔ Same ON as ZCl₃
(d) Z₂O₃
17. In which does Z have the same oxidation state as in ZS?
(a) ZO₃
(b) Z₂O
(c) ZO₂ ✔ Same ON as ZS
(d) ZCl₂
18. In which pair do the underlined elements have the same oxidation state?
(a) MnO₂ and MnO₄²⁻ ✔ Mn has different ON → incorrect, correct is a careful check
(b) Fe₂O₃ and FeCl₂
(c) SO₂ and SCl₂
(d) CrO₃ and CrO₄²⁻
19. Which of the following is NOT a redox reaction?
(a) Corrosion of metals
(b) Electrolysis
(c) Photosynthesis
(d) Hydrolysis ✔ No e⁻ transfer
20. Which of the following is NOT a redox reaction?
(a) Displacement reaction
(b) Synthesis
(c) Neutralization ✔ Acid + base, no e⁻ transfer
(d) Combustion
21. In which of the following do the underlined elements have NOT zero oxidation number?
(a) C₂H₄O₂
(b) C₆H₁₂O₆
(c) Fe₂O₃ ✔ Fe has +3 oxidation state
(d) Fe(CO)₅
22. Which of the following is NOT a redox reaction?
(a) Corrosion of metals
(b) Electrolysis
(c) Precipitation ✔ No electron transfer
(d) Photosynthesis
23. Which of the following is NOT a redox reaction?
(a) Molecular addition ✔ No oxidation state change
(b) Displacement
(c) Combustion
(d) Synthesis
24. The number of electrons transferred in a covalent molecule is reflected by:
(a) Oxidation number ✔ Indicates electron gain/loss
(b) Valency
(c) Molecularity
(d) Atomicity
25. In which pair underlined elements have the same oxidation state?
(a) MnCl₂ and MnO₄⁻
(b) FeCl₃ and FeCl₂
(c) SO₃ and S₂Cl₂
(d) CrO₃ and Cr₂O₇²⁻ ✔ Cr is +6 in both
26. In which pair underlined elements have the same oxidation state?
(a) MnO₂ and MnO₄²⁻
(b) Fe₂O₃ and FeCl₂
(c) SO₂ and SCl₂
(d) CrO₃ and CrO₄²⁻ ✔ Cr is +6 in both
27. Which element oxidizes in the reaction?
2FeSO₄ + Cl₂ + H₂SO₄ → Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 2HCl
(a) H
(b) Fe ✔ Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺ (oxidation)
(c) Cl
(d) S
28. Which element reduces in the reaction?
2FeSO₄ + Cl₂ + H₂SO₄ → Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 2HCl
(a) H
(b) S
(c) Cl ✔ Cl₂ → Cl⁻ (reduction)
(d) Fe
29. The oxidation number of P in P₄ is:
(a) −3
(b) Zero ✔ Free element
(c) +3
(d) +4
30. The oxidation number of C in CH₂Cl₂ is:
(a) +2 ✔ C–H (−2) + C–Cl (+4)
(b) −4
(c) +4
(d) 0
31. The oxidation number of C in C₂H₄Cl₂ is:
(a) +1
(b) −1 ✔ C–H (−4) + C–Cl (+2)
(c) +4
(d) −2
32. In which of the following compounds, the oxidation number of carbon is not zero?
(a) Glucose
(b) Sucrose
(c) Formaldehyde
(d) Ethanol✔ C is -2
33. In which of the following do the underlined elements does not have zero oxidation number?
(a) C₂H₄O₂
(b) C₆H₁₂O₆
(c) C₂H₅OH✔ C has -2 oxidation number.
(d) CH₂O
34. The oxidation number of Ni in Ni(CO)₄ is:
(a) +4
(b) −1
(c) 0✔ CO is neutral ligand
(d) −2
35. The oxidation number of O in O₂F₂ is:
(a) +1
(b) −1 ✔ F is −1, oxygen becomes positive
(c) +2
(d) −2
36. The oxidation number of S in SO₂Cl₂ is:
(a) +4
(b) −6
(c) −2
(d) +6 ✔ Highest oxidation state of S
37. In the conversion of Br₂ to BrO₃⁻, the oxidation state of bromine changes from:
(a) 0 to +5 ✔ Oxidation occurs
(b) 0 to −3
(c) −1 to −3
(d) −1 to +5
38. In which of the following compounds, the oxidation number of carbon is not zero?
(a) Methanol✔ C is -2
(b) Sucrose
(c) Formaldehyde
(d) Glucose
39. The oxidation number of H is not −1 when it is bonded to:
(a) Alkaline earth metals
(b) Non-metals
(c) Alkali metals ✔ H is −1 in metal hydrides
(d) None of them
40. In which of the following do the central atom have NOT zero oxidation number?
(a) C₂H₄O₂
(b) C₆H₁₂O₆
(c) OF₂ ✔ O has +2 oxidation state
(d) Fe(CO)₅
41. Which of them can act as a reducing agent?
(a) H₂C₂O₄ ✔ Gets oxidized to CO₂
(b) K₂Cr₂O₇
(c) KMnO₄
(d) H₂O₂
42. In the reaction; PbO + H₂ → Pb + H₂O₂, reducing agent is:
(a) Pb
(b) H₂ ✔ Loses electrons
(c) O
(d) None of them
43. Which of them can act as oxidizing agent?
(a) Ozone ✔ Strong oxidizer
(b) H₂
(c) C
(d) CO
44. The oxidation number of Sb in H₂Sb₂O₇²⁻ is:
(a) +3
(b) +5 ✔ Calculated oxidation state
(c) −3
(d) None of them
45. The oxidation number of Fe in Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO] is:
(a) +3
(b) +2 ✔ Overall charge balance
(c) +4
(d) None of them
46. The oxidation number of C in CaC₂ is:
(a) −1 ✔ Acetylide ion C₂²⁻
(b) −4
(c) −2
(d) None of them
47. In the reaction; PbO + H₂ → Pb + H₂O₂, oxidizing agent is:
(a) PbO ✔ Gets reduced
(b) H₂
(c) O
(d) None of them
48. In which pair does the named element have the same oxidation state?
(a) Chlorine in Cl₂ and HCl
(b) Sulphur in SO₃ and Na₂SO₄ ✔ S is +6 in both
(c) Nitrogen in NH₃ and HNO₃
(d) Iron in FeCl₂ and FeCl₃
49. Which compound added to aqueous FeSO₄ takes part in a redox reaction?
(a) BaCl₂
(b) KMnO₄ ✔ Oxidizes Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺
(c) NH₃
(d) NaOH
50. Reduction does not involve:
(a) Loss of electron ✔ Loss = oxidation
(b) Addition of electron
(c) Removal of electronegative group
(d) Decrease in oxidation number
🔋📘 Past Papers MCQs on Electrochemistry
1. The splitting of aqueous sodium chloride into its ions is called:
(a) Cleavage
(b) Hydrolysis
(c) Ionization ✔ Formation of ions in water
(d) Hydration
2. Which of the following could be added to water to make a good conductor?
(a) Ethanol
(b) Caustic soda ✔ Strong electrolyte
(c) Ethyl ethanoate
(d) Copper
3. During electrolysis, oxidation occurs at:
(a) Cathode
(b) Anode ✔ Loss of electrons
(c) Inert electrode
(d) Hydrogen electrode
4. Conductance of an electrolyte solution depends upon:
(a) Dilution
(b) Degree of ionization
(c) Temperature
(d) All of the above ✔ All affect conductivity
5. Ionization is a(an):
(a) Directionless process
(b) Irreversible process
(c) Reversible process ✔ Exists in equilibrium
(d) Constant process
6. What ions are present in aqueous sodium sulphate solution?
(a) Na⁺, SO₄²⁻, H⁺, OH⁻ ✔ From salt + water
(b) Na⁺, SO₄²⁻, H⁺, O²⁻
(c) Na²⁺, SO₄²⁻, H⁺, O²⁻
(d) Na²⁺, SO₄²⁻
7. What ions are present in aqueous sulphuric acid solution?
(a) H⁺, SO₄²⁻, H⁻, OH⁻
(b) H⁺, SO₃²⁻, H⁺, O²⁻
(c) H⁺, SO₄²⁻, OH⁻
(d) H⁺, SO₄²⁻ ✔ Complete ionization
8. Electric current used to bring about a non-spontaneous redox reaction is called:
(a) Pyrolysis
(b) Hydrolysis
(c) Electrolysis ✔ Uses external electricity
(d) Hydration
9. A cell used to bring about a non-spontaneous redox reaction is:
(a) Electrochemical cell
(b) Electrolytic cell ✔ Needs external power
(c) Galvanic cell
(d) Voltaic cell
10. A cell used to bring about a spontaneous redox reaction is:
(a) Electrochemical cell
(b) Electrolytic cell
(c) Galvanic cell ✔ Chemical → electrical energy
(d) Voltaic cell
11. Electrolysis of acidified water gives oxygen at … and hydrogen at …
(a) Cathode, anode
(b) Anode, anode
(c) Anode, cathode ✔ O₂ at anode, H₂ at cathode
(d) Cathode, cathode
12. During electrolysis of 18 g acidified water, H₂ released at STP is:
(a) 5.6 L
(b) 22.4 L
(c) 11.2 L ✔ 0.5 mole H₂
(d) 44.8 L
13. Which element is extracted by electrolysis?
(a) Copper
(b) Aluminium ✔ Highly reactive metal
(c) Iron
(d) Zinc
14. Which element is NOT extracted by electrolysis?
(a) Magnesium
(b) Aluminium
(c) Iron ✔ Extracted by reduction
(d) Sodium
15. During electrolysis, reduction occurs at:
(a) Anode
(b) Cathode ✔ Gain of electrons
(c) Inert electrode
(d) Hydrogen electrode
16. Which element is NOT extracted by electrolysis?
(a) Magnesium
(b) Aluminium
(c) Iron ✔ Blast furnace method
(d) Potassium
17. Which liquid conducts electricity without chemical change?
(a) An insulator
(b) An electrolyte
(c) An aqueous solution
(d) A liquid metal ✔ Electronic conduction
Smart Answers of Model Test Questions XI Chemistry
Electrochemistry Chapter # 12 Test # 16
Smart Answers of Short-Answer Questions

Q1. Define the terms oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent and redox reactions in terms of electron transfer. Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in following equation:
Mg + H₂SO₄ → MgSO₄ + H₂

🔥 Oxidation: Loss of electrons → increase in positive charge or decrease in negative charge.
Example: Fe → Fe²⁺ + 2ē

💧 Reduction: Gain of electrons → increase in negative charge or decrease in positive charge.
Example: Cu²⁺ + 2ē → Cu

🧲 Oxidizing Agent: Substance that gains electrons (causes oxidation).
Example: Br₂ accepts electrons → oxidant.

🔋 Reducing Agent: Substance that loses electrons (causes reduction).
Example: Zn loses electrons → reductant.

🔄 Redox Reaction: Simultaneous oxidation & reduction via electron transfer.
Example: Zn⁰ + 2H⁺Cl → Zn²⁺Cl₂⁻¹ + H₂⁰

Identification in given equation:
Mg → Mg²⁺ + 2ē → Oxidation 🔥 → Reducing Agent
2H⁺ + 2ē → H₂ → Reduction 💧 → Oxidizing Agent

Quick Recap:
🔥 Oxidation = electron loss
💧 Reduction = electron gain
🧲 Oxidizing agent = gains electrons
🔋 Reducing agent = loses electrons
⚗️ Redox = both occur together
✅ In Mg + H₂SO₄ → MgSO₄ + H₂: Mg = Reducing Agent, H⁺ = Oxidizing Agent

Q2*. Distinguish between the following
(i) Primary and secondary cell, (ii) Oxidation and reduction
(iii) Oxidizing and reducing agent, (iv) Oxidation number and valency

Answer

🔄 Oxidation vs Reduction

🔥 Oxidation
1. Addition of oxygen
Example: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
2. Removal of hydrogen
Example: 4NH₃ + 3O₂ → 2N₂ + 6H₂O
3. Loss of electron/De-electronation
Example: M → Mⁿ⁺ + ne⁻
M → Mn⁺ + ne⁻
5. Increase in oxidation number
7. Becoming more positive
8. Happens in reducing agents
9. Occurs at anode
💧 Reduction
1. Removal of oxygen
Example: ZnO + C → Zn + CO
2. Addition of hydrogen
Example: Cl₂ + H₂ → 2HCl
3. Gain of electron/Electronation
Example: Mⁿ⁺ + ne⁻ → M
Mn⁺ + ne⁻ → M
5. Decrease in oxidation number
7. Becoming more negative
8. Happens in oxidizing agents
9. Occurs at cathode

⚡ Oxidizing Agent vs Reducing Agent

🧲 Oxidizing Agent/Oxidant
1. gives nascent oxygen
2. accepts hydrogen
3. gains electrons
4. Oxidation number decreases
5. causes oxidation
6. Reduced itself
7. Examples: KMnO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, Cl₂
🔋 Reducing Agent/Reductant
1. accepts nascent oxygen
2. loses hydrogen
3. loses electrons
4. Oxidation number increases
5. causes reduction
6. Oxidized itself
7. Examples: FeSO₄, H₂C₂O₄, HCl, H₂, C, Na, Zn etc.

📊 Oxidation Number vs Valency

🔢 Oxidation Number
1. Electrons gained/lost in combined state
2. Shows extent of oxidation/reduction
3. Varies in different compounds
4. Can be +, –, 0, or fractional
5. May be zero (e.g., noble gases)
🔢 Valency
1. Number of H/Cl atoms or double O atoms combining
2. Shows combining capacity
3. Usually fixed
4. Always whole number, no sign
5. Cannot be zero (except noble gases)

🔋 Primary Cell vs Secondary Cell

Primary Cell
1. Generates electricity by consuming chemicals
2. Cannot be recharged, disposable
3. Irreversible
4. Small voltage/capacity
5. No initial charging needed
6. Cannot be restored
Examples: Dry cell, Daniel cell, Leclanché cell, Voltaic/Galvanic cell
🔋 Secondary Cell
1. Stores electricity as chemical energy
2. Can be recharged, reusable
3. Reversible
4. Large voltage/capacity
5. Needs initial charging
6. Can be restored
Examples: Lead acid battery, Ni Cd cell, Ni Fe alkaline battery
Q3*. What is meant by oxidation number? State its rules

📖 Definition
The oxidation number (oxidation state) is the apparent charge (positive, negative, or zero) on an atom in a molecule of a compound, or ion.
It can be +ve, –ve, 0, or fractional (range: –4 to +7/+8).
Example: ⚡Mn in KMnO₄ → +7 ⚡ O in H₂O₂ → –1 ⚡ Ni in Ni(CO)₄ → 0

📜 Rules for Assigning Oxidation Number

❶ Free elements = 0 🧪 K⁰, Cu⁰, Cl₂⁰, H₂⁰, O₂⁰
❷ Monoatomic ions = charge of ion 🧪 Na⁺ → +1, Ca²⁺ → +2
❸ Neutral compounds = sum of oxidation numbers = 0 🧪 H₂SO₄ → (2×+1) + (+6) + (4×–2) = 0
❹ Polyatomic ions = sum = net charge 🧪 SO₄²⁻ → (+6) + (4×–2) = –2
❺ Hydrogen ➡️ +1 in covalent compounds (H₂O, HCl) ➡️ –1 in metal hydrides (NaH⁻¹, CaH₂⁻¹)
❻ Fluorine Always –1 (most electronegative). 🧪 ClF⁻¹ → Cl +1, F –1
❼ Other halogens Usually –1, but positive when bonded to O or more electronegative halogen. 🧪 Cl⁺⁷ in ClO₄⁻
❽ Oxygen ➡️ –2 normally (H₂O, CO₂) ➡️ –1 in peroxides (H₂O₂, Na₂O₂) ➡️ –½ in superoxides (KO₂) ➡️ +2 in OF₂
❾ Group wise Oxidation number
➡️Group IA → +1 (Li, Na, K etc.)
➡️Group IIA → +2 (Mg, Ca etc.)
➡️Group IIIA → +3 (Al etc.)
➡️Group IVA → ±4 (C, Si etc.)
➡️Group VA → –3/+5 (N, P etc.)
➡️Group VIA → –2/+6 (S)
➡️Group VIIA → +4 (Cl, etc.)
❿ Polar compounds More electronegative atom → negative oxidation number. Less electronegative atom → positive oxidation number. 🧪 H⁺¹O⁻², Na⁺¹Cl⁺⁵O₃⁻⁶⁻², H⁺¹Cl⁺⁷O₄⁻⁸

Extra Point (Quick Tip)
Oxidation number ≠ Valency • Oxidation number can vary, be fractional, and have signs. • Valency is fixed, whole number, no sign.

Quick Recap
Free element = 0
Ion = charge
Neutral compound = sum = 0
Polyatomic ion = sum = net charge
H = +1 (normal), –1 (hydrides)
O = –2 (normal), exceptions: –1, –½, +2
F = always –1
Halogens = –1 (except with O or F)
Group rules apply systematically
Polar compounds → electronegativity decides sign

Q4*. Determine the oxidation number of central atom in following
(i) Cr in H₂CrO₄      (ii) S in K₂S₄O₆
(iii) Fe in Fe₃O₄      (iv) Cl in HClO₄
🔹 (i) Finding out Oxidation number of Cr (Chromium) in H₂CrO₄
H = +1, O = –2
Neutral compound → sum of oxidation numbers = 0
Equation: 2(+1) + Cr + 4(–2) = 0
⇒ +2 + Cr – 8 = 0 → Cr – 6 = 0 → Cr = +6 ✨ Chromium is in +6 oxidation state

🔹 (ii) Finding out Oxidation number of S (Sulphur) in K₂S₄O₆
K = +1, O = –2
Neutral compound → sum = 0
Equation: 2(+1) + 4S + 6(–2) = 0
⇒ +2 + 4S – 12 = 0 → 4S – 10 = 0 → 4S = +10 → Average S = +10/2 → ✨Average S = +2.5

📌 Alternate Method (from structure):
Two terminal S atoms = +5 each
Two central S atoms (S*) = 0 each (pure covalent bond)
Total of 4 S atoms = 5+0+0+5=10
Average S = 10/4 = +2.5 ✨ Sulphur shows mixed oxidation states (0 and +5), average = +2.5

🔹 (iii) Finding out Oxidation number of Fe (Iron) in Fe₃O₄
Equation: 3Fe + 4(–2) = 0 → 3Fe – 8 = 0 → 3Fe = +8 → Fe = +8/3 ✨ Iron has mixed oxidation states (+2 and +3), average = +2.66

📌 Alternate Method:
Mixed oxide: FeO (Fe = +2) + Fe₂O₃ (Fe = +3)
Average oxidation state = (1×+2 + 2×+3)/3 = +8/3 ≈ +2.66

🔹 (iv) Finding out Oxidation number of Cl (Chlorine) in HClO₄
H = +1, O = –2
Equation: (+1) + Cl + 4(–2) = 0
⇒ +1 + Cl – 8 = 0 → Cl – 7 = 0 → Cl = +7 ✨ Chlorine is in +7 oxidation state

🔹 (v) Finding out Oxidation number of Nitrogen in NH₄⁺
H = +1
Total charge = +1
Equation: N + 4(+1) = +1
N + 4 = +1 → N = –3 ✨ Nitrogen = –3 oxidation state

🔹 (vi) Finding out Oxidation number of Oxygen in OH⁻
H = +1
Total charge = –1
Equation: O + (+1) = –1
O + 1 = –1 → O = –2 ✨ Oxygen = –2 oxidation state

🔹 (vii) Finding out Oxidation number of Aluminium in AlF₆³⁻
F = –1 (always)
Total charge = –3
Equation: Al + 6(–1) = –3
Al – 6 = –3 → Al = +3 ✨ Aluminium = +3 oxidation state

⚡ Quick Recap
Cr in H₂CrO₄ → +6 🔥
S in K₂S₄O₆ → Mixed (0, +5), average +2.5 🌀
Fe in Fe₃O₄ → Mixed (+2, +3), average +2.66 ⚙️
Cl in HClO₄ → +7 🌟
N in NH₄⁺ → –3 🌀
O in OH⁻ → –2 💧
Al in AlF₆³⁻ → +3 🔥
Q5. Examine the following chemical equations and Identify the redox reactions out of the following reactions and indicate the oxidation, reduction, oxidizing and reducing agent in them.
(i) 2HCl + HNO₃ → NOCl + Cl₂ + 2H₂O
(ii) HgCl₂ + 2KI → HgI₂ + 2KCl
(iii) Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂
(iv) PCl₃ + 3H₂O → 3HCl + H₃PO₃
(v) 4NH₃ + 3O₂ → 2N₂ + 6H₂O
(vi) H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl
(vii) Zn + Cl₂ → ZnCl₂
(viii) H₂S + Br₂ → 2HBr + S
(ix) 2Ca + O₂ → CaO
(x) 2Li + S → Li₂S
Redox check
✨ (i) 2HCl (RA) + HNO₃ (OA) → NOCl + Cl₂ + 2H₂O ➡️ Redox ✅ — HCl oxidized, HNO₃ reduced.
✨ (ii) HgCl₂ + 2KI → HgI₂ + 2KCl ➡️ Non redox ❌ — Ion exchange only.
✨ (iii) Fe₂O₃ (OA) + 3CO (RA) → 2Fe + 3CO₂ ➡️ Redox ✅ — CO oxidized, Fe₂O₃ reduced.
✨ (iv) PCl₃ + 3H₂O → 3HCl + H₃PO₃ ➡️ Non redox ❌ — Hydrolysis/substitution.
✨ (v) 4NH₃ (RA) + 3O₂ (OA) → 2N₂ + 6H₂O ➡️ Redox ✅ — NH₃ oxidized, O₂ reduced.
✨ (vi) H₂ (RA) + Cl₂ (OA) → 2HCl ➡️ Redox ✅ — H₂ oxidized, Cl₂ reduced.
✨ (vii) Zn (RA) + Cl₂ (OA) → ZnCl₂ ➡️ Redox ✅ — Zn oxidized, Cl₂ reduced.
✨ (viii) H₂S (RA) + Br₂ (OA) → 2HBr + S ➡️ Redox ✅ — H₂S oxidized, Br₂ reduced.
✨ (ix) 2Ca (RA) + O₂ (OA) → CaO ➡️ Redox ✅ — Ca oxidized, O₂ reduced.
✨ (x) 2Li (RA) + S (OA) → Li₂S ➡️ Redox ✅ — Li oxidized, S reduced.

✨ Quick cues:
RA (reducing agent) → gets oxidized 🔥
OA (oxidizing agent) → gets reduced 💧
Non redox = no change in oxidation numbers ↔️
Q6. Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents from the following.
❶ Al → RA 🔋 Reason: Aluminium being metal loses electrons easily → acts as a reducing agent.
❷ Na → RA 🔋 Reason: Sodium being metal is highly electropositive → donates electrons → reducing agent.
❸ H₂S → RA 🔋 Reason: Sulphur in H₂S (binary acid) can be oxidized to elemental S → reducing agent.
❹ H₂SO₄ → OA 🧲 Reason: Concentrated sulphuric acid being oxyacid accepts electrons (strong oxidizer).
❺ KMnO₄ → OA 🧲 Reason: Mn⁷⁺ in KMnO₄ being oxysalt gets reduced → powerful oxidizing agent.
❻ Zn → RA 🔋 Reason: Zinc being metal loses electrons to form Zn²⁺ → reducing agent.

✨ Quick Recap:
🔋 Reducing agents: Al, Na, H₂S, Zn (they lose electrons).
🧲 Oxidizing agents: H₂SO₄, KMnO₄ (they gain electrons).
Q7. What is the oxidation number of sulphur in following compounds?
🔹 Oxidation Numbers of Sulphur
❶ H₂SO₃ 👉 2(+1) + S + 3(–2) = 0 👉 +2 + S – 6 = 0 → S = +4 ✨ Sulphur = +4

❷ S₂O₃²⁻ (Thiosulphate ion) 👉 2S + 3(–2) = –2 👉 2S – 6 = –2 → 2S = +4 → S = +2 (average)
✨ Sulphur shows mixed states (one S often +5, one S often –1), average = +2

❸ S₂Cl₂ (Disulphur dichloride) 👉 2S + 2(–1) = 0 👉 2S – 2 = 0 → 2S = +2 → S = +1 ✨ Sulphur = +1

❹ SF₆ (Sulphur hexafluoride) 👉 S + 6(–1) = 0 👉 S – 6 = 0 → S = +6 ✨ Sulphur = +6

❺ SO₂Cl₂ (Sulphuryl chloride) 👉 S + 2(–2) + 2(–1) = 0 👉 S – 6 = 0 → S = +6 ✨ Sulphur = +6

⚡ Quick Recap
🧪 H₂SO₃ → S = +4
🔋 S₂O₃²⁻ → S (average) = +2 (mixed states possible)
🌿 S₂Cl₂ → S = +1
🌟 SF₆ → S = +6
💥 SO₂Cl₂ → S = +6

✨ Note: Sulphur is versatile — it can show oxidation states from –2 up to +6 depending on the compound.
Q8. What is the oxidation number of chromium in following compounds?
🔹 Oxidation Numbers of Chromium
❶ CrO₃ 👉 Cr + 3(–2) = 0 👉 Cr – 6 = 0 → Cr = +6 ✨ Chromium = +6 oxidation state

❷ CrO₂ 👉 Cr + 2(–2) = 0 👉 Cr – 4 = 0 → Cr = +4 ✨ Chromium = +4 oxidation state

❸ Cr₂O₇²⁻ (Dichromate ion) 👉 2Cr + 7(–2) = –2 👉 2Cr – 14 = –2 → 2Cr = +12 → Cr = +6 ✨ Chromium = +6 OS

❹ CrO₂⁻ 👉 Cr + 2(–2) = –1 👉 Cr – 4 = –1 → Cr = +3 ✨ Chromium = +3 oxidation state

❺ CrO₂Cl₂ (Chromyl chloride) 👉 Cr + 2(–2) + 2(–1) = 0 👉 Cr – 6 = 0 → Cr = +6 ✨ Chromium = +6 OS

⚡ Quick Recap
CrO₃ → Cr = +6 🔥
CrO₂ → Cr = +4 ⚙️
Cr₂O₇²⁻ → Cr = +6 🌟
CrO₂⁻ → Cr = +3 💧
CrO₂Cl₂ → Cr = +6 🧪

✨ Chromium shows variable oxidation states (+3, +4, +6), highlighting its versatility in redox chemistry.
Q9. Determine the oxidation number of central atom in following
(i) S in Na₂S₂O₃    (ii) Mn in MnO₄⁻    (iii) Cr in Cr₂O₇²⁻
(iv) Cl in ClO₃    (v) Cr in Cr₂(SO₄)₃    (vi) P in Ca(H₂PO₄)₂
(vii) S in H₂SO₄    (viii) Ni in Ni(CO)₄    (ix) Fe in Fe₃O₄
(x) C in C₃O₄    (xi) Fe in Fe(CO)₃    (xii) Cr in Cr(CO)₆
🔹 (i) Finding out Oxidation number of S in Na₂S₂O₃ (Sodium Thiosulphate))
Na = +1, O = –2
Neutral compound → sum of oxidation numbers = 0
Equation: 2(+1) + 2S + 3(–2) = 0 👉 +2 + 2S – 6 = 0 → 2S – 4 = 0 → 2S = +4 → S = +4/2 → S = +2 (average)
✨ One S = –2, other S = +6 → average = +2 🌀

Alternate Method
In Na₂S₂O₃, one S-atom (S*) has oxidation number = −2 while the other S-atom (S**) has oxidation number = +6. The total oxidation number of both S atoms = −2 + (+6) = +4
The average oxidation number of S = Total Oxidation number/2 = +4/2 = +2

🔹 (ii) Finding out Oxidation number of Mn in MnO₄⁻
O = –2
Equation: Mn + 4(–2) = –1 👉 Mn – 8 = –1 → Mn = +7 ✨ Mn = +7 ⚡ (strong oxidizer)

🔹 (iii) Finding out Oxidation number of Cr in Cr₂O₇²⁻
O = –2
Polyatomic ions = sum = net charge
Equation: 2Cr + 7(–2) = –2 👉 2Cr – 14 = –2 → 2Cr = +12 → Cr = +6 ✨ Cr = +6 🔥

🔹 (iv) Finding out Oxidation number of Cl in ClO₃
O = –2
Equation: Cl + 3(–2) = 0 👉 Cl – 6 = 0 → Cl = +6 ✨ Cl = +6 🌟

🔹 (v) Finding out Oxidation number of Cr in Cr₂(SO₄)₃
SO₄ = –2
Equation: 2Cr + 3(–2) = 0 👉 2Cr – 6 = 0 → 2Cr = +6 → Cr = +3 ✨ Cr = +3 ⚙️

🔹 (vi) Finding out Oxidation number of P in Ca(H₂PO₄)₂
Ca = +2, H = +1, O = –2
Equation: (+2) + 4(+1) + 2P + 8(–2) = 0 👉 +2 + 4 + 2P – 16 = 0 → 2P – 10 = 0 → 2P = +10 → P = +5 ✨ P = +5 🧪

🔹 (vii) Finding out Oxidation number of S in H₂SO₄
H = +1, O = –2
Equation: 2(+1) + S + 4(–2) = 0 👉 +2 + S – 8 = 0 → S – 6 = 0 → S = +6 ✨ S = +6 💥

🔹 (viii) Finding out Oxidation number of Ni in Ni(CO)₄
CO = neutral ligand (0)
Equation: Ni + 4(0) = 0 → Ni = 0 ✨ Ni = 0 ⚡ (metal carbonyl complex)

🔹 (ix) Finding out Oxidation number of Fe in Fe₃O₄
O = –2
Equation: 3Fe + 4(–2) = 0 👉 3Fe – 8 = 0 → 3Fe = +8 → Fe = +8/3 ≈ +2.66
✨ Mixed valency: Fe²⁺ & Fe³⁺ 🌀

🔹 (x) Finding out Oxidation number of C in C₃O₄
O = –2
Equation: 3C + 4(–2) = 0 👉 3C – 8 = 0 → 3C = +8 → C = +8/3 ≈ +2.66 ✨ C = +2.66 🌿

🔹 (xi) Finding out Oxidation number of Fe in Fe(CO)₃
CO = neutral ligand (0)
Equation: Fe + 3(0) = 0 → Fe = 0 ✨ Fe = 0 ⚡

🔹 (xii) Finding out Oxidation number of Cr in Cr(CO)₆
CO = neutral ligand (0)
Equation: Cr + 6(0) = 0 → Cr = 0 ✨ Cr = 0 🧲

⚡ Quick Recap
Na₂S₂O₃ → S (Average) = +2 (✨ Sulphur shows mixed states 🌀, one S = –2, one S = +6)
MnO₄⁻ → Mn = +7 (✨ Maximum oxidation state; Strong oxidizer ⚡)
Cr₂O₇²⁻ → Cr = +6 (✨ Chromium in highest state 🔥; Strong oxidizer)
ClO₃ → Cl = +6 (✨ Chlorine highly oxidized 🌟)
Cr₂(SO₄)₃ → Cr = +3 (✨ Chromium in moderate state ⚙️)
Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ → P = +5 (Phosphorus pentavalent)
H₂SO₄ → S = +6 💥
Ni(CO)₄ → Ni = 0 ⚡
Fe₃O₄ → Average Fe = +8/3 ≈ +2.66 (Fe²⁺ & Fe³⁺, Mixed valency 🌀)
C₃O₄ → Average C = +8/3 ≈ +2.66 (✨ Carbon in mixed state 🌿)
Fe(CO)₃ → Fe = 0 ✨ Neutral ligand complex ⚡
Cr(CO)₆ → Cr = 0 ✨ Neutral ligand complex 🧲
Q10. Calculate the oxidation number of central element in following:
(i) C in C₂H₆O    (ii) C in C₄H₈O₂    (iii) C in CH₃Cl    (iv) Cr in CrO₂Cl₂
(v) C in COCl₂    (vi) N in NOCl    (vii) UO₂Cl₂    (viii) BiOCl
(ix) S in SO₂Cl₂    (x) S in SOCl₂    (xi) S in HSO₃F    (xii) C in HCNS
(xiii) P in POCl₃    (xiv) CNO⁻    (xv) Cl in CaOCl₂ (Bleaching powder)
(xvi) S in Na₂S₄O₆    (xvii) N in NH₄NO₃    (xviii) Br in BrO₃⁻
Solution
Note
In few organic compounds and in few inorganic compounds where two more electronegative elements are present, more than one element has negative oxidation number while only one element has positive oxidation number.

🔹 (i) C in C₂H₆O
H = +1, O = –2
Equation: 2C + 6(+1) + (–2) = 0 👉 2C + 6 – 2 = 0 → 2C + 4 = 0 → 2C = –4 → C = –2 ✨ Carbon = –2 🌀

🔹 (ii) C in C₄H₈O₂
H = +1, O = –2
Equation: 4C + 8(+1) + 2(–2) = 0 👉 4C + 8 – 4 = 0 → 4C + 4 = 0 → 4C = –4 → C = –1 ✨ Carbon = –1 ⚡

🔹 (iii) C in CH₃Cl
H = +1, Cl = –1
Equation: C + 3(+1) + (–1) = 0 👉 C + 3 – 1 = 0 → C + 2 = 0 → C = –2 ✨ Carbon = –2 🌿

🔹 (iv) Cr in CrO₂Cl₂
O = –2, Cl = –1
Equation: Cr + 2(–2) + 2(–1) = 0 👉 Cr – 4 – 2 = 0 → Cr – 6 = 0 → Cr = +6 ✨ Chromium = +6 🔥

🔹 (v) C in COCl₂ (Phosgene)
O = –2, Cl = –1
Equation: C + (–2) + 2(–1) = 0 👉 C – 4 = 0 → C = +4 ✨ Carbon = +4 🌟

🔹 (vi) N in NOCl
O = –2, Cl = –1
Equation: N + (–2) + (–1) = 0 👉 N – 3 = 0 → N = +3 ✨ Nitrogen = +3 🧪

🔹 (vii) U in UO₂Cl₂
O = –2, Cl = –1
Equation: U + 2(–2) + 2(–1) = 0 👉 U – 6 = 0 → U = +6 ✨ Uranium = +6 ⚡

🔹 (viii) Bi in BiOCl
O = –2, Cl = –1
Equation: Bi + (–2) + (–1) = 0 👉 Bi – 3 = 0 → Bi = +3 ✨ Bismuth = +3 🌿

🔹 (ix) S in SO₂Cl₂
O = –2, Cl = –1
Equation: S + 2(–2) + 2(–1) = 0 👉 S – 6 = 0 → S = +6 ✨ Sulphur = +6 💥

🔹 (x) S in SOCl₂
O = –2, Cl = –1
Equation: S + (–2) + 2(–1) = 0 👉 S – 4 = 0 → S = +4 ✨ Sulphur = +4 🧲

🔹 (xi) S in HSO₃F
H = +1, O = –2, F = –1
Equation: (+1) + S + 3(–2) + (–1) = 0 👉 1 + S – 6 – 1 = 0 → S – 6 = 0 → S = +6 ✨ Sulphur = +6 ⚡

🔹 (xii) C in HCNS
H = +1, N = –3, S = –2
Equation: (+1) + C + (–3) + (–2) = 0 👉 C – 4 = 0 → C = +4 ✨ Carbon = +4 🌟

🔹 (xiii) P in POCl₃
O = –2, Cl = –1 (since Cl is more electronegative than P)
Equation: P + (–2) + 3(–1) = 0 👉 P – 5 = 0 → P = +5 ✨ Phosphorus = +5 🧪

🔹 (xiv) C in CNO⁻
O = –2, N = –3 (since N is more electronegative than C)
Equation: C + (–3) + (–2) = –1 👉 C – 5 = –1 → C = –1 +5 → C = +4 ✨ Carbon = +4 🌿

🔹 (xv) Cl in CaOCl₂ (Bleaching powder)
👉 Mixed salt (containing two anions):
One Cl = –1 (chloride ion)
One Cl = +1 (hypochlorite ion)
✨ Chlorine shows two states: –1 & +1. Average oxidation state of Cl = 0 🌀

🔹 (xvi) S in Na₂S₄O₆
Na = +1, O = –2
👉 End S atoms = +5 each, middle S atoms = 0 each 👉 Total = 5+0+0+5 =10 → Average = 10/4 = +2.5 ✨ Sulphur = +2.5 (average) 🧲

🔹 (xvii) N in NH₄NO₃ (ammonium nitrate)
👉 Two types of N in two types of ionic species:
In NH₄⁺ → N + 4(+1) = +1 👉 N + 4 = +1 → N = +1 – 4 → N = –3 ✨ Nitrogen = –3
In NO₃⁻ → 🔹 (xviii) Br in BrO₃⁻
O = –2
Equation: Br + 3(–2) = –1 👉 Br – 6 = –1 → Br = +5 ✨ Bromine = +5 💥

⚡ Quick Recap
C in C₂H₆O → –2
C in C₄H₈O₂ → –1
C in CH₃Cl → –2
Cr in CrO₂Cl₂ → +6
C in COCl₂ → +4
N in NOCl → +3
U in UO₂Cl₂ → +6
Bi in BiOCl → +3
S in SO₂Cl₂ → +6
S in SOCl₂ → +4
S in HSO₃F → +6
C in HCNS → +4
P in POCl₃ → +5
C in CNO⁻ → +4
Cl in CaOCl₂ → –1 & +1 (average 0)
S in Na₂S₄O₆ → +2.5 (average)
N in NH₄NO₃ → –3, +5 (average +1)
Br in BrO₃⁻ → +5
Q12. In the process of electroplating the item to be plated is made cathode, give reason?
🔋 Answer: In electroplating, the item to be plated is made the cathode (–) because reduction occurs at the cathode. The metal ions from the electrolyte gain electrons and get deposited as a thin metallic layer on the item. ✨⚙️

👉 Reason in one line: Cathode attracts positive metal ions → they gain electrons → form coating on the surface. 🌟
Q13. What is corrosion? What causes it to form? What can be done to prevent its formation?
🔋 Answer:
👉 What is corrosion? Corrosion is the gradual destruction of metals when they react with moisture, oxygen, or other chemicals in the environment. 🌧️⚙️

👉 Causes of corrosion:
• Presence of water/moisture 💧
• Oxygen in air 🌬️
• Acids, salts, pollutants in surroundings 🧪

👉 Prevention methods:
• Painting / Oiling / Greasing 🎨🛢️ (forms protective layer)
• Galvanization / Electroplating ⚡ (coating with another metal)
• Alloying 🔩 (using corrosion resistant alloys like stainless steel)
• Cathodic protection 🔋 (sacrificial anode method)
Q14. How can you define an electrochemical series? Give its properties.
👉 Definition: The electrochemical series is the arrangement of elements (mainly metals and non metals) in order of their standard electrode potentials (E° values), usually from most negative to most positive. It shows the tendency of elements to get oxidized or reduced. ⚡

👉 Properties of Electrochemical Series:
1. Order of Reactivity 🔥
o Metals with more negative E° values are strong reducing agents (e.g., K, Na, Ca).
o Non metals with more positive E° values are strong oxidizing agents (e.g., F₂, Cl₂).

2. Prediction of Displacement Reactions 🔄
o A metal higher in the series can displace a metal lower from its salt solution.

3. Electropositivity Trend 📉
o Electropositivity of metals decreases down the series (K > Na > Ca > Zn > Cu).

4. Oxidizing & Reducing Strength 🧲
o Elements at the top (like F₂) are strong oxidizers.
o Elements at the bottom (like Li, K) are strong reducers.

5. Electrochemical Cell EMF ⚡
o The difference in electrode potentials of two metals gives the EMF of the cell.

6. Corrosion Prediction 🌧️
o Metals lower in the series (like Fe) corrode more easily than noble metals (like Au, Pt).

7. Electroplating & Extraction 🎨
o Helps in selecting suitable metals for electroplating and extraction processes.

✨ In short: Electrochemical series = list of elements by E° values → predicts reactivity, displacement, corrosion, and cell EMF.
Q15. What is Electrolysis and electrochemistry? Name two parts of Redox reactions that occurs in electrolysis of molten CaCl₂ or sodium chloride and state where each occurs and describe its electrolysis.
👉 Electrolysis: Electrolysis is the process of decomposing an electrolyte (molten or aqueous compound) by passing an electric current through it. ⚡

👉 Electrochemistry: Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions, especially redox processes. 🧪

⚡ Redox Parts in Electrolysis of Molten CaCl₂ / NaCl
1. Oxidation (Loss of electrons) 🔥
o Occurs at the anode (+).
o Example: Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻
o Chloride ions are oxidized to chlorine gas. 🌬️

2. Reduction (Gain of electrons) 💧
o Occurs at the cathode (–).
o Example: Ca²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ca (metal)
o Calcium (or sodium) ions are reduced to metal and deposited. ✨

🔹 Electrolysis of Molten CaCl₂ (same for NaCl)
• At Cathode (–): Ca²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ca (metal deposited) 🪙
• At Anode (+): 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ (gas liberated) 🌬️
Overall Reaction: CaCl₂ → Ca (metal) + Cl₂ (gas)

✨ In short: Electrolysis = redox in action → Reduction at cathode (metal deposition) & Oxidation at anode (gas release).
Smart Answers of Descriptive Questions
Q1. What is meant be electrode potential and hydrogen electrode (SHE). Describe how the electrode potential of zinc or copper is determined?
⚡ Electrode Potential/ half-cell potential (E)
Tendency of an electrode to undergo redox (lose/gain electrons).
It is the difference of potential created between a metal electrode and 1 molar solution of its ion (salt).

🔋 Standard Electrode Potential (E°):
It is the difference of potential created between a metal electrode and 1 molar (1M) solution of its ion (salt) measured at 25°C, 1 atm.

🌟 Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)
➡️ Reference electrode with E° = 0.00 V.
➡️ Consists of Pt rod in 1M H⁺ solution, H₂ gas bubbled at 1 atm and 25°C.
➡️ Equilibrium: H₂ ⇌ 2H⁺ + 2ē E° = 0.00 V
➡️ Acts as anode (oxidation) or cathode (reduction) depending on cell.
H₂ (g) → 2H⁺ (aq) + 2ē ………….... Oxidation E° = 0.0 V (SHE acts as anode)
2H⁺ (aq) + 2ē → H₂ (g) ……………. Reduction E° = 0.0 V (SHE acts as cathode)

🔹 Experimental Measurement of Electrode Potential of Zinc in Zinc-SHE Cell
🔧 Construction and Working (Cell Reactions) of Zinc-SHE Galvanic Cell
🟦 Anode Half-Cell: Zn in 1M ZnSO₄ → Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2ē (oxidation); E° = ?
🟥 Cathode Half-Cell: SHE (inert Pt electrode in 1 M HCl, H₂ gas at 1 atm) → 2H⁺ + 2ē → H₂ (reduction); E°= 0.0V.
🌉 Salt Bridge: Inert KCl salt bridge: balances charge, prevents mixing; anions → anode, cations → cathode.
📊 Voltmeter; Both electrodes are connected with voltmeter giving positive cell potential (E°).
🔋 Cell Potential: +0.76 V (electrons flow Zn → SHE). Zn + 2H⁺ → Zn²⁺ + H₂ E°cell = +0.76V

🧮 Calculation of E°reduction of Zinc
➡️ E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode
➡️ E°cell = E°reduction − E°oxidation
➡️ E°cell = E°H₂ − E°Zn
➡️ 0.76 = 0.000 − E°Zn
➡️ E°Zn = −0.76 V (reduction potential by conventions) (✨ negative sign signifies that actually the reaction at zinc electrode occurs in opposite direction i.e. it is the oxidation rather than reduction which occurs at zinc)
➡️ E°(oxidation of Zn) = +0.76 V

🏁 Result
➡️ E°(oxidation of Zn) = +0.76 V
➡️ E°(reduction of Zn) = –0.76 V ✨ Zinc electrode is negative vs SHE.

📐 Cell Diagram
Zn–SHE: Zn | Zn²⁺ || H⁺ | H₂ | (Pt) (flow of electrons takes place from zinc to SHE.)

✨ Quick Recap
➡️ Electrode potential = measure of redox tendency.
➡️ SHE = universal reference (0.00 V).
➡️ Zn–SHE cell: Zn oxidized, H⁺ reduced → E° = –0.76 V for Zn.
➡️ Cu–SHE cell: H₂ oxidized, Cu²⁺ reduced → E° = +0.34 V for Cu.
➡️ Salt bridge ensures ion flow and charge balance.

🔹 Experimental Measurement of Electrode Potential of Copper in SHE-Copper Cell

🔧 Construction and Working (Cell Reactions) of SHE-Copper Cell
🟦 Anode Half-Cell: SHE (inert Pt electrode in 1 M HCl, H₂ gas at 1 atm) → H₂ → 2H⁺ + 2ē (oxidation); E° = 0.0V
🟥 Cathode Half-Cell: Zn in 1M ZnSO₄ → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu (reduction); E°= ?
🌉 Salt Bridge: Inert KCl salt bridge: balances charge, prevents mixing; anions → anode, cations → cathode.
📊 Voltmeter; Both electrodes are connected with voltmeter giving positive cell potential (E°).
🔋 Cell Potential: +0.34 V (electrons flow SHE → Cu). H₂ + Cu²⁺ → Cu + H₂ E°cell = +0.34 V

🧮 Calculation of E°reduction of Copper
➡️ E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode
➡️ E°cell = E°reduction − E°oxidation
➡️ E°cell = E°Cu − E°H₂
➡️ 0.34 = E°Cu − 0.000
➡️ E°Cu = +0.34 V (reduction potential by conventions)
➡️ E°(oxidation of Cu) = −0.34 V

🏁 Result
E°(reduction of Cu) = +0.34 V
E°(oxidation of Cu) = –0.34 V ✨ Copper electrode is positive vs SHE.

📐 Cell Diagrams of SHE–Cu Cell
(Pt) | H₂ | H⁺ || Cu²⁺ | Cu (flow of electrons takes place from SHE to copper.)
Q2. What is Galvanic cell? Sketch a copper-zinc Galvanic cell, write the cell reaction, cell diagram and show the direction of electron flow.
⚡ Galvanic (Voltaic) Cell
Definition: It is a type of electrochemical cell where spontaneous redox reaction generates electricity 🔋.
✨ In short: A Galvanic cell = two half cells + salt bridge → spontaneous redox → electricity generated.

🔧 Construction:
🧪 Made of two half cells → each has a metal strip dipped in its own ion solution.
🔌 Connections: 📟 Half cells connected via voltmeter (to measure EMF) and salt bridge (to balance charge).
🔩 Electrodes:
➕ Cathode = positive (reduction occurs).
➖ Anode = negative (oxidation occurs).
🌉 Salt Bridge: U shaped tube with inert electrolyte gel. Balance charge, prevents mixing; anions → anode, cations → cathode.

🔁 Cell Reactions:
🔥 Anode (oxidation at zinc half-cell): Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2ē
✨ Cathode (reduction at copper half-cell): Cu²⁺ + 2ē → Cu
⚡ Overall Cell Reaction (add both reactions): Zn + Cu²⁺ → Zn²⁺ + Cu; E°cell = 1.11 V

🧾 Cell Diagram (Cell notation):
⚡ Cell notation is a shorthand symbolic notation used to represent an electrochemical cell, showing the anode, cathode, electrolytes, and salt bridge in a specific order.

Zn | Zn²⁺ (1M) || Cu²⁺ (1M) | Cu

⚡ ➖ Single vertical line ( | ) shows the phase boundary between an electrode and the electrolytic solution 🧪
⚡ ➖➖ Double vertical line ( || ) represents the salt bridge 🌉
⚡ Electron Flow: ➖ From Zn anode → ➕ To Cu cathode (Zn → Cu)

✨ In short: Copper–zinc Galvanic cell = Zn oxidizes, Cu²⁺ reduces, electrons flow Zn → Cu, producing 1.11 V.
Q3. What is the difference between a primary cell and secondary cell. Sketch a diagram of dry cell and explain its working.
🔋 Primary Cell vs Secondary Cell
⚡ Primary Cell 🔄 Secondary Cell
Generates electricity by consuming chemicals Stores electricity as chemical energy
Cannot be recharged, disposable (Single use) Can be recharged, reusable (Multiple use)
Irreversible reaction Reversible reaction
Small voltage/capacity Large voltage/capacity
No initial charging needed Needs initial charging
Cannot be restored Can be restored
Examples: Dry cell, Daniel cell, Leclanché cell, Voltaic/Galvanic cell Examples: Lead acid battery, Ni Cd cell, Ni Fe alkaline battery
Cheaper More expensive
Short life Long life
🔋 Working of Dry Cell
🔩 Zinc (Anode): gets oxidized to Zn²⁺ (enters the moist paste) releasing electrons.
⚡ Electrons flow: Zn anode → Graphite cathode through wire
🪙 Graphite (Cathode): Mn⁴⁺ reduced to Mn³⁺ ions.
🔋 Cell voltage: 1.5 V
❌ Cell becomes dead after complete use of zinc
🔁 Cell Reactions/Electrolytic (Redox) Reactions
🔥 Anode Reaction (Oxidation): Zn(s) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ ⚡
❄️ Cathode Reaction (Reduction): 2NH₄⁺ + 2MnO₂ + 2e⁻ → Mn₂O₃ + 2NH₃ + H₂O 🧪
Q4. Balance the any 2 of the following equations by ion electron method attempting one in acidic medium and one in basic medium
H₂S + HNO₃ → S + NO + H₂O (Acidic medium)
CuS + NO₃⁻ → CuSO₄ + NO (Acidic medium)
MnO₄⁻ + C₂O₄²⁻ → Mn²⁺ + CO₂ (Acidic medium)
MnO₄⁻ + Cl⁻ → Mn²⁺ + Cl₂ (Acidic medium)
MnO₄⁻ + SO₃²⁻ → Mn²⁺ + SO₄²⁻ (Acidic medium)
Cr₂O₇²⁻ + I₂ → Cr³⁺ + IO₃⁻ + H₂O (Acidic medium)
Cr₂O₇²⁻ + Fe²⁺ → Cr³⁺ + Fe³⁺ + H₂O (Acidic medium)
Cr₂O₇²⁻ + I⁻ + H⁺ → Cr³⁺ + IO₃⁻ + H₂O (Acidic medium)
NO₃⁻ + Zn → ZnO₂²⁻ + NH₃ (Basic medium)
Cr(OH)₃ + H₂O₂ → CrO₄²⁻ + OH⁻ (Basic medium)
Cl₂ + OH⁻ → Cl⁻ + ClO₃⁻ + H₂O (Basic medium)

Solution
Answer of First Equation: HNO₃ + H₂S → NO + S + H₂O
🔎 Step 1: Skeleton → Ionic
H⁺ + NO₃⁻ + H₂S → NO + S + H₂O
👉 N⁺⁵O₃⁻ (OA) + H₂S⁻² (RA) → N⁺²O + S⁰

🔎 Step 2: Split Ionic → Two Half Reactions
Oxidation (S): H₂S → S (2ē loss)
Reduction (N): NO₃⁻ → NO (3ē gain)

🔎 Step 3: Balance Reduction Half-equation
(Central atom → O (H₂O) → H (H⁺) → charge (ē))
H₂S → S + 2H⁺ + 2ē (Charge zero LHS = charge zero RHS)

🔎 Step 4: Balance Oxidation Half-equation
(Central atom → O (H₂O) → H (H⁺) → charge (ē))
NO₃⁻ + 4H⁺ + 3ē → NO + 2H₂O (Charge zero LHS = charge zero RHS)

🔎 Step 5: Balance ē
Oxidation ×3 → 6ē
Reduction ×2 → 6ē

🔎 Step 6: Add & Cancel (Overall redox reaction)
2NO₃⁻ + 4H⁺ + 3H₂S → 3S + 2NO + 2H₂O + 6H⁺ (Charge zero LHS = charge zero RHS)
Simplify H⁺: 2HNO₃ + 3H₂S → 3S + 2NO + 2H₂O (Charge zero LHS = charge zero RHS)

✨ Final Balanced Equation (acidic medium): 3H₂S + 2HNO₃ → 3S + 2NO + 2H₂O 🌟

⚡ Quick Recap:
🧪 Skeleton → Ionic
✂️ Split → Oxidation & Reduction
🔄 Balance e⁻ (×3, ×2)
➕ Add → Cancel → Simplify
✅ Final Balanced Equation
HOT Question. Define the terms oxidation, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, and redox reactions in terms of electron transfer. Examine the following chemical equations and identify the redox reactions among them. Also indicate the oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent in each case.
Redox Reaction Definitions
Oxidation: It is the chemical process in which electrons are lost by an atom or ion.
Reduction: It is the process in which electrons are gained by an atom or ion.
Oxidizing agent: It is a substance which gains electrons during a redox reaction from other substance thereby oxidizing it.
Reducing agent: It is a substance which loses electrons during a redox reaction giving to the other for reduction.
Redox reactions: These are electron transfer reactions in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.

Identification of Redox Reaction Indicating Required Terms
Equation Oxidation Reduction Oxidant Reductant
(i) 2HCl + HNO₃ → NOCl + Cl₂ + 2H₂O Cl N N (HNO₃) Cl (HCl)
(ii) Mg + H₂SO₄ → MgSO₄ + H₂ Mg S Mg S (H₂SO₄)
(iii) Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂ Fe C Fe (Fe₂O₃) C (CO)
(iv) PCl₃ + 3H₂O → 3HCl + H₃PO₃ None None None None
(v) PCl₅ + 3H₂O → 5HCl + H₃PO₄ None None None None
(vi) 2Na + S → Na₂S Na S S Na
(vii) H₂S + Cl₂ → 2HCl + S S Cl Cl (Cl₂) S (H₂S)
(viii) HgCl₂ + 2KI → HgI₂ + 2KCl None None None None
(ix) H₂S + Br₂ → 2HBr + S S Br Br (Br₂) S (H₂S)
(x) 2Li + S → Li₂S Li S S Li










💥 جونؔ ایلیا 🎯 💥

💭 بے دلی کیا یوں ہی دن گزر جائیں گے
💔 صرف زندہ رہے ہم تو مر جائیں گے
🎶 رقص ہے رنگ پر رنگ ہم رقص ہیں
🌌 سب بچھڑ جائیں گے سب بکھر جائیں گے
🍷 یہ خراباتیان خرد باختہ
🌅 صبح ہوتے ہی سب کام پر جائیں گے
💕 کتنی دل کش ہو تم کتنا دلجو ہوں میں
⚡ کیا ستم ہے کہ ہم لوگ مر جائیں گے
🌟 ہے غنیمت کہ اسرار ہستی سے ہم
🕊️ بے خبر آئے ہیں بے خبر جائیں گے

🔥 جونؔ ایلیا ۔ غزل 🔥

🌸 ہے بکھرنے کو یہ محفلِ رنگ و بُو، تم کہاں جاؤ گے ہم کہاں جائیں گے
🕊️ ہر طرف ہو رہی ہے یہی گفتگو، تم کہاں جاؤ گے ہم کہاں جائیں گے
💭 کوئی حاصل نہ تھا آرزو کا مگر، سانحہ یہ ہے اب آرزو بھی نہیں
⏳ وقت کی اس مسافت میں بے آرزو، تم کہاں جاؤ گے ہم کہاں جائیں گے
🔥 ایک جنوں تھا کہ آباد ہو شہرِ جاں، اور آباد جب شہرِ جاں ہو گیا
🌌 ہیں یہ سرگوشیاں دربدر کوبکو، تم کہاں جاؤ گے ہم کہاں جائیں گے
🛤️ کس قدر دور سے لوٹ کر آئے ہیں، یوں کہوں عمر برباد کر آئے ہیں
💔 تھا سراب اپنا سرمایۂِ جستجو، تم کہاں جاؤ گے ہم کہاں جائیں گے
🌿 دشت میں رقصِ شوقِ بہار اب کہاں، بعدِ پیمائ دیوانہ وار اب کہاں
🌙 بس گزرنے کو ہے موسمِ ہائے و ہُو، تم کہاں جاؤ گے ہم کہاں جائیں گے
🎶 ہر متاعِ نفس نذرِ آہنگ کی، ہم کو یاراں ہَوس تھی بہت رنگ کی
🌹 گُل زمیں سے ابلنے کو ہے اب لہو، تم کہاں جاؤ گے ہم کہاں جائیں گے؟
🌙 اولِ شب کا مہتاب بھی جا چکا، صحنِ مے خانہ سے اب افق میں کہیں
🍷 آخرِ شب ہے خالی ہیں جام و سُبو، تم کہاں جاؤ گے ہم کہاں جائیں گے؟
🌸 دشت میں رقصِ شوقِ بہار اب کہاں، بادہ پیمائی دیوانہ دار اب کہاں
🔥 بس گزرنے کو ہے موسمِ ہاؤ و ہُو، تم کہاں جاؤ گے ہم کہاں جائیں گے؟

💥 غزل ۔۔۔۔ جونؔ ایلیا 💥

🌸 کتنے عیش سے رہتے ہوں گے کتنے اتراتے ہوں گے
💭 جانے کیسے لوگ وہ ہوں گے جو اس کو بھاتے ہوں گے
🌙 شام ہوئے خوش باش یہاں کے میرے پاس آ جاتے ہیں
🔥 میرے بجھنے کا نظارہ کرنے آ جاتے ہوں گے
🚶 وہ جو نہ آنے والا ہے نا اس سے مجھ کو مطلب تھا
💔 آنے والوں سے کیا مطلب آتے ہیں آتے ہوں گے
🍃 اس کی یاد کی باد صبا میں اور تو کیا ہوتا ہوگا
🌌 یوں ہی میرے بال ہیں بکھرے اور بکھر جاتے ہوں گے
🤝 یارو کچھ تو ذکر کرو تم اس کی قیامت بانہوں کا
💔 وہ جو سمٹتے ہوں گے ان میں وہ تو مر جاتے ہوں گے
🕊️ میرا سانس اکھڑتے ہی سب بین کریں گے روئیں گے
🌙 یعنی میرے بعد بھی یعنی سانس لیے جاتے ہوں گے
✍️ جونؔ ایلیا

💥 غزل ۔۔۔۔ جونؔ ایلیا 💥

🌙 زندانیانِ شام و سحر خیریت سے ہیں
💭 ہر لمحہ جی رہے ہیں مگر خیریت سے ہیں
🏙️ شہرِ یقیں میں اب کوئی دم خم نہیں رہا
🌌 دشتِ گماں کے خاک بسر خیریت سے ہیں
🙏 آخر ہے کون جو کسی پل کہ سکے یہ بات
🕊️ اللہ اور تمام بشر خیریت سے ہیں
💡 ہے اپنے اپنے طور پہ ہر چیز اس گھڑی
💧 مژگانِ خشک و دامنِ تر خیریت سے ہیں
👀 اب فیصلوں کا کم نظروں پر مدار ہے
🌟 یعنی تمام اہلِ نظر خیریت سے ہیں
🦶 پیروں سے آبلوں کا وہی ہے معاملہ
🔥 سودائیانِ حال کے سر خیریت سے ہیں
🏚️ ہم جن گھروں کو چھوڑ کے آئے تھے ناگہاں
💭 شکوے کی بات ہے، وہ اگر خیریت سے ہیں
🌬️ لو چل رہی ہے، محو ہے اپنے میں دوپہر
🏚️ خاک اڑ رہی ہے اور کھنڈر خیریت سے ہیں
👥 ہم اہلِ شہر اپنے جوانوں کے درمیاں
✨ جونؔ! ایک معجزہ ہے اگر خیریت سے ہیں
🎨 برباد ہوچکا ہے ہنر اک ہنر کے ساتھ
📜 اور اپنے صاحبانِ ہنر خیریت سے ہیں
🕊️ شکرِ خدا شہید ہوئے اہلِ حق تمام
⚔️ برگستوان و تیغ و تبر خیریت سے ہیں
🏰 اب اس کا قصرِ ناز کہاں اور وہ کہاں
🚪 بس در ہے اور بندئہ در خیریت سے ہیں
✍️ ہم ہیں کہ شاعری ہے ہمارے لئے عذاب
📖 ورنہ تمام جوشؔ و جگرؔ خیریت سے ہیں
📚 شاعر تو دو ہیں میرؔ تقی اور میر جونؔ
🌙 باقی جو ہیں وہ شام و سحر خیریت سے ہیں
✍️ جونؔ ایلیا

💥 غزل ۔۔۔۔ جونؔ ایلیا 💥

🌅 ایک ہی مژدہ صبح لاتی ہے
☀️ دھوپ آنگن میں پھیل جاتی ہے
🍃 رنگ موسم ہے اور بادِ صبا
🌆 شہر کوچوں میں خاک اڑاتی ہے
📄 فرش پر کاغذ اڑتے پھرتے ہیں
🕰️ میز پر گرد جمتی جاتی ہے
💭 سوچتا ہوں کہ اس کی یاد آخر
🌙 اب کسے رات بھر جگاتی ہے
🎶 میں بھی اذنِ نواگری چاہوں
💔 بے دلی بھی تو لب ہلاتی ہے
🌳 سوگئے پیڑ جاگ اٹھی خوشبو
🌸 زندگی خواب کیوں دکھاتی ہے
💔 اس سراپا وفا کی فرقت میں
💭 خواہشِ غیر کیوں ستاتی ہے
🤝 آپ اپنے سے ہم سخن رہنا
😮 ہمنشیں! سانس پھول جاتی ہے
😔 کیا ستم ہے کہ اب تِری صورت
👀 غور کرنے پہ یاد آتی ہے
🏚️ کون اس گھر کی دیکھ بھال کرے
💔 روز ایک چیز ٹوٹ جاتی ہے
✍️ جونؔ ایلیا

💥 غزل ۔۔۔۔ جونؔ ایلیا 💥

🌟 یہ ملکِ جاں یہ حقیقت نہ رائیگاں جائے
💭 یہ دل کے خواب کی صورت نہ رائیگاں جائے
🏙️ ہے شہر شہر کی محنت یہ منزلِ مقصود
🌌 یہ شہر شہر کی محنت نہ رائیگاں جائے
🤝 یہ رنگ رنگ کے رشتے بکھر نہ جائیں کہیں
💡 یہ خود سے اپنی رفاقت نہ رائیگاں جائے
🌸 سوائے حسنِ طبیعت دھرا بھی اب کیا ہے
🌙 کہیں یہ حسنِ طبیعت نہ رائیگاں جائے
🔊 ہے گوشہ گوشہ یہاں سازشوں کی سرگوشی
💔 ہمارا عہدِ محبت نہ رائیگاں جائے
👥 کہاں کہاں سے یہاں آکے ہم ہوئے ہیں بہم
✨ یہ اجتماع یہ صحبت نہ رائیگاں جائے
⏳ نہ بھولنا کہ یہ مہلت ہے آخری مہلت
🌟 رہے خیال یہ مہلت نہ رائیگاں جائے
💭 مجھے تو اے میرے دل تجھ سے ہے یہی کہنا
🔥 تیرے جنون کی حالت نہ رائیگاں جائے
✍️ جونؔ ایلیا

💥 غزل ۔۔۔۔ جونؔ ایلیا 💥

🌙 نشئہ ماہ و سال ہے، تاحال
💭 شوق اس کا کمال ہے، تاحال
🌸 نکہتِ گل ادھر نہ آئیو تو
😔 جی ہمارا نڈھال ہے، تاحال
💔 میرا سینہ چھلا ہوا ہے مگر
⚡ شوقِ بحث و جدال ہے، تاحال
🌀 اس عبث خانئہ حوادث میں
❓ ہر جواب اک سوال ہے، تاحال
⏳ بڑھ رہا ہوں زوال کی جانب
💔 دل میں زخمِ کمال ہے، تاحال
🏚️ کب کا تاراج ہوچکا ہوں مگر
🌟 ذہن میں اک مثال ہے، تاحال
💔 زخمِ کاری کے باوجود
🌿 ہوسِ اندمال ہے، تاحال
🧣 دامنِ آلودگی کے بعد بھی تو
🌸 آپ اپنی مثال ہے، تاحال
💭 ہے یہ صورت کہ اشتیاق اس کا
💔 بے امیدِ وصال ہے، تاحال
😔 تھا جو شکوہ سو ہے وہ تاایں دم
🌙 وہ جو تھا اک ملال ہے، تاحال
💔 زندگی ہے لہولہان مگر
🎨 رنگ بے خدوخال ہے، تاحال
📖 ہے سوادِ ختن غزل میری
🦌 تو غزل کا غزال ہے، تاحال
🌹 لالہ رویا، شکن شکن مویا
💭 تجھ کو پانا محال ہے، تاحال
🩺 کتنے چارہ گروں نے زحمت کی
😔 پر وہی میرا حال ہے، تاحال
✍️ جونؔ ایلیا

💥 غزل ۔۔۔۔ جونؔ ایلیا 💥

💭 نہیں جذبے کسی بھی قیمت کے
🌙 ہم ہیں حیران اپنی حیرت کے
🤔 اس میں آخر عجب کی بات ہے کیا
💔 تم نہیں تھے مری طبیعت کے
😔 پوچھ مت بے شکایتی کا عذاب
🌟 کیا عجب عیش تھے شکایت کے
💧 یہ جو آنسو ہیں، رخصتی آنسو
🎁 یہ عطیے ہیں دل کی عادت کے
📜 ہم ہی شیعوں کے مجتہد ہیں مغاں!
⚖️ ہم ہی مفتی ہیں اہلسنت کے
💉 ہم تو بس خون تھوکتے ہیں میاں
🛠️ نہیں خوگر کسی مشقت کے
💕 یہ جو لمحے ہیں وصال کے ہیں میاں
🌙 ہیں یہ لمحے تمام ہجرت کے
✨ جونؔ، یزدان و آدم و ابلیس
📖 ہیں عجب معجزے حکایت کے
✍️ جونؔ ایلیا

💥 غزل ۔۔۔۔ جونؔ ایلیا 💥

❤️ دل نے وفا کے نام پر کارِ وفا نہیں کیا
💔 خود کو ہلاک کر لیا، خود کو فدا نہیں کیا
🤔 کیسے کہیں کہ تجھ کو بھی ہم سے ہے واسطہ کوئی
😔 تو نے تو ہم سے آج تک کوئی گلہ نہیں کیا
⚖️ تو بھی کسی کے باب میں عہد شکن ہو غالباً
📜 میں نے بھی ایک شخص کا قرض ادا نہیں کیا
🗣️ جو بھی ہو تم پہ معترض، اُس کو یہی جواب دو
🌟 آپ بہت شریف ہیں، آپ نے کیا نہیں کیا
👑 جس کو بھی شیخ و شاہ نے حکمِ خُدا دیا قرار
🙏 ہم نے نہیں کیا وہ کام، ہاں باخُدا نہیں کیا
📖 نسبتِ علم ہے بہت حاکمِ وقت کو عزیز
💡 اُس نے تو کارِ جہل بھی بے علما نہیں کیا
✍️ جونؔ ایلیا

💥 غزل ۔۔۔۔ جونؔ ایلیا 💥

📖 حال خوش تذکرہ نگاروں کا
🌙 تھا تو اک شہر خاکساروں کا
💔 پہلے رہتے تھے کوچۂ دل میں
😔 اب پتہ کیا ہے دل فگاروں کا
🚪 کوئے جاناں کی ناکہ بندی ہے
🛏️ بسترا اب کہاں ہے یاروں کا
🌬️ چلتا جاتا ہے سانس کا لشکر
🕊️ کون پُرساں ہے یادگاروں کا
💭 اپنے اندر گھسٹ رہا ہوں میں
🌌 مجھ سے کیا ذکر رہ گزاروں کا
🎉 ان سے جو شہر میں ہیں بے دعویٰ
🌟 عیش مت پوچھ دعویداروں کا
⚔️ کیسا یہ معرکہ ہے برپا جو
🐎 نہ پیادوں کا نہ سواروں کا
🖋️ بات تشبیہہ کی نہ کیجیو تُو
📚 دہر ہے صرف استعاروں کا
💔 میں تو خیر اپنی جان ہی سے گیا
🤝 کیا ہوا جانے جانثاروں کا
🔥 کچھ نہیں اب سوائے خاکستر
🌪️ ایک جلسہ تھا شعلہ خواروں کا
✍️ جونؔ ایلیا

💥 حضرتِ جونؔ ایلیا 💥 🎨 خاتم الشعرا و شاعرِ بے مثل و بے بدل 🎨

👥 اپنے سب یار کام کررہے ہیں
🌙 اور ہم ہیں کہ نام کر رہے ہیں
🏛️ آنے والی اپر کلاس کی ہے
✨ ہم جو یہ اہمتمام کررہے ہیں
⚔️ تیغ بازی کا شوق اپنی جگہ
🔥 آپ تو قتلِ عام کررہے ہیں
🎶 داد و تحسین کا یہ شور ہے کیوں
💭 ہم تو خود سے کلام کررہے ہیں
😔 ہے وہ بے چارگی کا حال کہ ہم
🤝 ہر کسی کو سلام کررہے ہیں
🕊️ ہم تو بس یاد کے ہیں لوگ میاں
💔 اپنا ہونا حرام کررہے ہیں
👑 اک قتالہ چاہئے ہم کو
📢 ہم یہ اعلانِ عام کررہے ہیں
🍷 کیا بھلا ساغرِ سفال کہ ہم
🥂 ناف پیالے کو جام کررہے ہیں
📝 ہم تو آئے تھے عرضِ مطلب کو
🙏 اور وہ احترام کررہے ہیں
💨 نہ اٹھے آہ کا دھواں بھی کہ وہ
🌌 کوئے دل میں خرام کررہے ہیں
💋 اس کے ہونٹوں پہ رکھ کے ہونٹ اپنے
🕊️ بات ہی ہم تمام کررہے ہیں
🎉 ہم عجب ہیں کہ اس کے کوچے میں
🥁 بے سبب دھوم دھام کررہے ہیں
⚔️ کرکے بے پوشش اس صنم کو ہم
🗡️ تیغ کو بے نیام کررہے ہیں
🎭 کوئی بھی فن ہمیں نہیں آتا
⏳ دم کو بس دوام کررہے ہیں
🌟 ہم جو ہر لمحہ جی رہے ہیں جونؔ
🏛️ ہم ابد میں قیام کررہے ہیں
✍️ حضرتِ جونؔ ایلیا

💥 حضرتِ جونؔ ایلیا 💥 🎨 خاتم الشعرا و شاعرِ بے مثل و بے بدل 🎨

🤝 نیا اک رشتہ پیدا کیوں کریں ہم
💔 بچھڑنا ہے تو جھگڑا کیوں کریں ہم
🌙 خموشی سے ادا ہو رسمِ دوری
🔥 کوئی ہنگامہ برپا کیوں کریں ہم
📖 سنا دیں عصمتِ مریم کا قصّہ؟
❌ پر اب اس باب کو وا کیوں کریں ہم
💭 زلیخاے عزیزاں بات یہ ہے
⚖️ بھلا گھاٹے کا سودا کیوں کریں ہم
💕 ہماری ہی تمنّا کیوں کرو تم
🌟 تمہاری ہی تمنّا کیوں کریں ہم
🕰️ کیا تھا عہد جب لمحوں میں ہم نے
📜 تو ساری عمر ایفا کیوں کریں ہم
🗑️ اٹھا کر کیوں نہ پھینکیں ساری چیزیں
🚶 فقط کمروں میں ٹہلا کیوں کریں ہم
👥 جو اک نسل فرومایہ کو پہنچے
💡 وہ سرمایہ اکٹھا کیوں کریں ہم
🌍 نہیں دنیا کو جب پروا ہماری
😔 تو پھر دنیا کی پروا کیوں کریں ہم
🏙️ برہنہ ہیں سرِ بازار تو کیا
👀 بھلا اندھوں سے پردہ کیوں کریں ہم
🏠 ہیں باشندے اسی بستی کے ہم بھی
🤝 سو خود پر بھی بھروسا کیوں کریں ہم
💀 چبالیں کیوں نہ خود ہی اپنا ڈھانچا
🍽️ تمہیں راتب مہیا کیوں کریں ہم
⚰️ پڑی رہنے دو انسانوں کی لاشیں
🌪️ زمیں کا بوجھ ہلکا کیوں کریں ہم
🕌 یہ بستی ہے مسلمانوں کی بستی
🕊️ یہاں کارِ مسیحا کیوں کریں ہم
✍️ حضرتِ جونؔ ایلیا

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