💥 Organic Chemistry Made Easy! 💥

Struggling to remember all those prefixes, suffixes, and numbering rules? You're not alone. IUPAC Nomenclature is often the biggest hurdle in organic chemistry, causing students to lose easy marks on exams from Class 9 up to the MDCAT/ECAT. But what if we told you it doesn't have to be hard? This isn't just a guide—it's the complete IUPAC Naming Masterclass packed with secret quick-memory tricks and step-by-step solved examples. Whether you're naming complex cycloalkanes or simple functional groups, you'll master the logic here and become an organic chemistry genius in minutes. Ready to turn confusion into confidence? Let’s dive in!

Naming organic compounds might sound tricky 😵, but with the IUPAC system, it’s a breeze! 🌟 This standard method ensures chemists worldwide are on the same page. In this ultimate guide by Inam Jazbi from Learn Chemistry by Inam Jazbi, you’ll get:

✅ Simple rules you can remember instantly

✅ Step-by-step examples for alkanes, alkenes, alkynes & functional groups

✅ Smart exam tricks for MDCAT, ECAT & school tests

Stop stressing over names and start naming like a pro! 🧪✨ Your chemistry scores are about to get a boost! 🚀

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#IUPAC Naming Rules

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Nomenclature and Its Different Types

🟦Nomenclature

The system of naming chemical compounds is called nomenclature. Nomenclature, a collection of rules for naming chemical compounds.

🟦 IUPAC Nomenclature

The IUPAC nomenclature system of organic compounds is a set of logical rules devised as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) for naming organic chemical compounds from which an unambiguous structural formula can be created.

🟦 Types of Nomenclature

1. Trivial Names

2. Common Names

3. IUPAC Names

🟦Naming Compounds before IUPAC Rules

Organic compounds are known by their common or trivial names.

🟦 Examples

🟦 Trivial Names

🟦 IUPAC

IUPAC stands for international union of pure and applied chemistry.

🟦 Timeline

1892 ----------- Geneva System of Nomenclature

1930 ----------- System modified by IUC

1955 ----------- Further improved b IUPAC

2013 ----------- Latest updates in rules by IUPAC

IUPAC Rules for Organic Nomenclature

🟦 Basis of IUPAC System of Nomenclature
The name of every organic compound consists of following parts:
1. Root or Parent Hydrocarbon ["word root" and "primary suffix" together is known as base name]
2. Suffixes (primary and secondary) designating functional groups that may be present in the compound
3. Prefixes (primary or infix and secondary prefix) showing names of substituent groups

The prefix(es), infix and secondary suffix may or may not be required always.

🟦 Order of Name

Prefix-Parent-Suffix; PPS or Locant-Prefix-Parent-Suffix; LPPS

Locant-Prefix-Parent-Locant-Suffix; LPPLS)

1. Root or Parent Hydrocarbon/Root Word

(i) The continuous carbon chain (i.e. aliphatic hydrocarbon) is called Word Root or Root or Parent Hydrocarbon. (All aliphatic compounds are considered to be derived from this root hydrocarbon by the replacement of hydrogen atom(s) by alkyl or functional groups or the introduction of multiple bonds). It is the basic unit of the name. The Word root of IUPAC name indicates the number of carbon atoms in the principal chain (which is the longest possible continuous carbon chain including functional groups based upon the common names of alkanes chosen by a set of rules) of the organic molecule.

(ii) The shorter side chain outside the parent chain is called Alkyl Group.

(iii) The root chain is always enclosed in box.

(iv) The name of root chain is derived from the Greek (except the first four names) for the number of carbon atoms

(v) The word roots used for different length of carbon chain (up to 100) are shown below.

2. Suffixes

(i) A suffix is added to the root to indicate the saturation or unsaturation in the carbon chain and presence of the principle substituent (principle functional group), in the molecule.

(ii) Each functional group (or a family) has a common suffix at the end of root names.

(iii) The suffix is again divided into two types i.e. primary and secondary.

(a) Primary suffix(immediately after the word root showing saturation or unsaturation)

(b) Secondary suffix (immediately after the primary suffix showing main functional group)

(a) Primary Suffix

A primary suffix is added immediately after the word root of IUPAC name to indicate the degree of saturation or unsaturation in the main carbon chain. The three basic primary suffixes are ane, ene and yne.

If the parent carbon chain contain two, three or more double or triple bond, numerical prefix such as di (for two), tri (for three), tetra (for four) etc. are added to the primary suffix. e.g.

In alkadiene, the -diene suffix is used for unsaturated compound with one double bond.

In alkadiyne, the -diyne suffix is used for unsaturated compound with one triple bond

(b) Secondary Suffix

A secondary suffix is always added immediately after the primary suffix to indicate the nature of functional group in the organic compound in the IUPAC name.

Note

If there are two or more functional groups in a compound, the functional group with higher priority is to be selected as main functional group, which must be indicated by a secondary suffix. The remaining functional groups with lower priority are treated as substituents and are indicated by prefixes.

The suffixes as well as prefixes used for some important functional groups are shown in the following table in the decreasing order of their priority (This is not the complete reference). Also note that different suffix is used when carbon atom of the functional group is not part of the main chain.

3. Prefixes

Prefixes define substituents (alkyl groups or functional groups other than the principle group) and position of substituents. The prefix is used to indicate the side chains, substituents and low priority functional groups(which are considered as substituents). The prefix may precede the word root or the infix of IUPAC name.

The prefixes used for some common side chains and substituents are shown below

Remember that the alkyl groups along with halo, nitro and alkoxy have the same preference. They have lower priority than double and triple bonds.

4) Primary Prefix or Infix

The primary prefixes or infixes, like cyclo, spiro, bicyclo are added between the primary prefix and root word in the IUPAC name to indicate the nature of parent chain and to distinguish cyclic from acyclic compounds. A primary prefix, cyclo is used immediately before the word root.

The infixes are sometimes called as primary prefixes.

► The "Cyclo" infix is used to indicate the cyclic nature (Closed chain) of the parent chain.

► The "Bicyclo" infix is used to indicate the bicyclic nature of the parent chain.

► The "Spiro" infix is used to indicate the spiro compound.

Summary of General Rules for Organic Nomenclature

1. Firstly select the parent chain (the longest unbroken continuous carbon chain) within molecules and assign a word root as prop, but, pent, hex etc.

2. Next, the appropriate primary suffix(es) is added to the root word to indicate the saturation or unsaturation.

3. If the molecule contains functional group or groups, a secondary suffix such as ‘-ol’ for alcohol, ‘-al’ for aldehyde, ‘-one’ for ketone etc. must be added to indicate the main functional group. This is optional and not necessary if the molecule contains no functional group.

4. Allocate numerical designations to the carbon atoms within the parent chain from one of its terminal starting where functional group or substituent (an alkyl group) is nearest.

5. Finally add prefix(es) such as methyl, ethyl, methoxy, chloro, bromo etc. to the IUPAC name, if there are side chains or substituents on the parent chain and mention their position in the longest carbon chain.

6. If there are more than one functional group present in the molecule, write their name on priority basis set by priority rules in nomenclature priority chart i.e. (–COOH) > (–CHO) > (>C=O) > (–OH) >(–NH₂) > (=) > (≡) >(–O–) = (–NO₂) = (–X) = (–R). [Last four groups have equal priority].

7. Prefix the root word with the infix "cyclo" if the parent chain is cyclic (like cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes etc.); or with the infix "spiro" if it is a spiro compound; or with the infix "bicyclo" if the compound is bicyclic.

Solved Example

The IUPAC name of the following compound (3-methylbutan-2-ol) is arrived in steps mentioned below.

Now add them to makeup the IUPAC name of the compound.

General Rules for Organic Nomenclature in Details

1. Longest Chain Rule/Selection Parent Carbon Chain (PCC) or Root Hydrocarbon Chain (RHC)

Take the longest continuous carbon-chain (which may be straight or zig-zag) as the Root or Parent Hydrocarbon (alkane, alkene, or alkyne) chain or parent carbon chain (PCC) containing principle functional group or alkyl radicals and name it according to the number of carbon atoms it contains, adding the appropriate suffix to indicate the principle functional group.

All other carbon atoms which are not included in the parent chain are called branch chain or side chain or substituents. It may be noted that the longest chain may or may not be straight but it must be continuous. LONGEST CARBON CHAIN IS NOT ALWAYS STRAIGHT.

If there is no longest chain because two or more chains are the same longest length, then the parent chain is defined as the one with the most branches or substituents. (The idea here is to keep the name simpler. More branches numbered from the parent chain means fewer parentheses needed later.)

2. Lowest Number Rule/ Lowest Locant Rule

Numbering of parent carbon chain is done by lowest locant rule. According to this rule numbering is done in such a way so that substituent will get lowest number.

The selected Root or Parent hydrocarbon chain (enclosed in a box) is numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ……… in such a way that lowest number is given to the suffix (principle functional group) and then the prefix (es) i.e. numbering is done starting from that end which gives the lowest possible number to the carbon atoms carrying the substituent. [Other substituents are indicated in the same way by prefixes preceded by numbers to show their positions on the root chain]

The number that indicates the position of the substituent on the parent chain is called positional number of the locant.

3. One Word Name

The complete name of the substituted branched organic compound is written as ONE WORD (without any space) by prefixing the name of the substituent (alkyl groups) to the name of the parent hydrocarbon [In between position numbers commas (,) are used while in between number and letters, hyphens (–) are used].

4. Rule for Larger Number of Side Chain

If two chains of equal lengths are possible, select the one with the larger number of side chains.

5. Naming same Alkyl Groups at Different Positions

When the same alkyl group occurs more than once on the parent chain at different position, the positional number of each alkyl group is separated by commas and suitable prefixes such as di, tri, tetra etc. are attached to the name of the alkyl group. However these prefixes are not considered for the alphabetical order of alkyl groups.

When two or more identical substituents are present, then the number of substituents of that type is indicated by a prefix, di (two), tri (three), tetra (four), penta (five) and so forth. (But do not use these prefixes for alphabetizing purposes).

6. Numbering of Different Alkyl Groups at Equivalent Positions in Lowest Alphabetical Order

When two or more different alkyl groups are present at equivalent positions on either side of the parent chain, then numbering is done in such a way that alkyl group which comes first in the alphabetical order using the base name (ignore the prefixes) gets the lowest number. (Old rule; numbering should be done to that end where smaller group is attached). When the numbering of different groups is not resolved by any of the other rules, the first-cited group receives the lower number.

7. First Point of Difference (Rule of First point of Difference)

When substituents are present at an equal distance from either end of the parent chain, then numbering should be done to that end which gives the lowest number to the first point of difference.

If chains of equal length are competing for selection as the parent chain, then the choice goes in series to:

a) the chain which has the greatest number of side chains.

b) the chain whose substituents have the lowest-numbers.

c) the chain having the greatest number of carbon atoms in the smaller side chain.

d) the chain having the least branched side chains.

Actually the so called “Least Sum Rule” is the special case of above “Rule of First point of Difference”.

Lowest Set of Locant Rule

When two or more substituents are present, the lowest set of locant rule is applied. When two or more different set of locants containing the same number of terms is possible, then that set of locant is the lowest which when compared term by term with other sets, each in order of increasing magnitude, has the lowest term at the first point of difference.

For deciding the lowest set of locants, the carbon atoms of the parent chain are numbered from all possible directions and a locant assigned to each substituent form each direction. The set of locants from each direction is them compared term by term till the first point of difference is reached. The set of locants is preferred which has a lower number at the first point of difference.

Lowest Sum rule/ Least Sum Rule - IUPAC System of Nomenclature

Previously it may be noted that, the numbering of the parent chain consisting of two or more substituents was done in such a way that sum of the locants is the lowest. This rule is known as lowest sum principle. For illustration, the carbon chain of alkanes illustrated below should be numbered as pointed out in structures A and not as per to structure B.

As per to latest IUPAC system of nomenclature, the lowest set of locants is preferred even if it violates the lowest sum rule. For instance,

This compound is numbered like 2, 7, 8 and not as 3, 4, 9 in accordance along with latest lowest set of locants rule, although it violates lowest sum rule.

Actually the so called “Least Sum Rule” is the special case of above “Rule of First point of Difference”.

8. Alphabetical order of the side chains

When two or more different alkyl groups are present on the parent chain, each alky group prefixed by its positional number is arranged in alphabetical order before the name of the parent alkane.

9. Naming same alkyl groups at same positions by repeating its positional number

If same alkyl group occurs twice on the same carbon atoms, its positional number is repeated twice.

10. Numbering the Complex Substituent

The complex substituent on the parent chain is named as a substituent alkyl group by numbering the carbon atoms of this group attached to the parent chain as 1. The name of complex substituent is always enclosed in brackets to avoid confusion with the numbers of the parent chain.

11. If two complex substituents are of equal length, then the complex substituent with larger number of alkyl groups forms a part of the longest carbon chain while the other one is considered the real complex substituent.

12. While deciding the alphabetical order of the various susbtituent, the name of the complex substituent is considered to begin with the first letter of the complex name.

13. If the same complex substituent occurs more than once on the parent chain at different positions, prefixes bis, tris, tetrakis, pentakis are used before the name of the complex substituent.

14. If the chain contains those substituents which mainly exist as side chain having no priority, then numbering is governed by lowest sum rule.

🌈 Quick Summary: IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

🔶 1. Longest Chain Rule
Choose the longest continuous carbon chain as the parent name.

🔷 2. Numbering Rule
Number the chain from the side that gives lowest numbers to substituents.

🟢 3. Substituents
Name side groups (methyl, ethyl, chloro, bromo) and place them in alphabetical order.

🟡 4. Multipliers
Use di, tri, tetra for repeating groups (not used for alphabetical order).

🟣 5. Functional Group Priority
Highest priority group decides the suffix (ol, al, oic acid, one).

🟠 6. Double & Triple Bonds
Use ene for C=C and yne for C≡C, with position numbers.

🔵 7. Locants
Place numbers before names (2-methyl, 3-ene, 4-ol).

💗 8. No Spaces
Write everything together in one name (e.g., 2-methylbutane).

🌟🎯 IUPAC Nomenclature: Top Tips & Smart Memory Tricks

🟥 1. Longest Chain Always Wins

Find the longest carbon chain first, even if it’s not straight.
It decides the parent name.

🟦 2. Number From the Closest Point

Start numbering from the side that gives the lowest number to the first substituent or functional group.

🟩 3. Functional Group Priority = Suffix

Remember:
Acid > Aldehyde > Ketone > Alcohol > Amine > Alkene > Alkyne
The highest priority decides the suffix.

🟨 4. Double & Triple Bonds Get Preference

If tie happens, lowest number goes to ene or yne before side groups.

🟪 5. Alphabetical Order Trick

While naming substituents:
Ignore di, tri, tetra etc.
Use real names: bromo, chloro, ethyl, methyl.

🟧 6. Position Numbers Go Before Names

2-methyl, 3-chloro, 4-ene, 1-ol
Never put a space.

🔵 7. Multiple Bonds Rule

For both double and triple bonds:
Name as en-yn sequence (ene first).

💚 8. Cyclic Compounds

Add cyclo before main name: cyclohexane, cyclobutane.
Number to give substituents lowest possible locants.

❤️ 9. Ether Shortcut

Use the smaller group as alkoxy:
CH₃–O–C₂H₅ = methoxyethane

💛 10. Ester Shortcut

Alcohol part first, acid part second:
CH₃COOCH₂CH₃ → ethyl ethanoate

💙 11. Aldehydes & Acid Don’t Need Numbers

CHO & COOH group is always at carbon 1, so skip the locant.

🟠 12. Dicarboxylic Acids End in “dioic acid”

HOOC–(CH₂)₃–COOH → pentanedioic acid

🟣 13. Branching Trick

Look for side chains before numbering to avoid mistakes.

💗 14. Always Check for Hidden Chains

Sometimes zig-zag structures hide the longest chain.
Follow the carbon spine carefully.

🎯💥 Ultimate IUPAC Nomenclature Quiz for MDCAT & ECAT | Test Your Naming Skills! 🧠 🚀

1. What is the IUPAC name of CH₄?

🟥 A Methene
🟦 B Methane
🟩 C Methyne
🟨 D Carbon hydride

2. Parent chain length for C₅H₁₂:

🟥 A But
🟦 B Pent
🟩 C Hex
🟨 D Prop

3. CH₃–CH₂–CH₃

🟥 A Propane
🟦 B Ethane
🟩 C Butane
🟨 D Methane

4. Suffix for alcohol:

🟥 A one
🟦 B ene
🟩 C ol
🟨 D oic acid

5. CH₃–CH₂–OH

🟥 A Methanol
🟦 B Ethanol
🟩 C Propanol
🟨 D Ethanone

6. Highest priority group:

🟥 A Alkene
🟦 B Alkyne
🟩 C Carboxylic acid
🟨 D Aldehyde

7. Meaning of “di”:

🟥 A Two identical substituents
🟦 B Double bond
🟩 C Two double bonds
🟨 D None

8. CH₃–CH₂–CH₂–Cl

🟥 A 3-chloropropane
🟦 B Chloromethane
🟩 C Chloropropane
🟨 D 1-chloropropane

9. –CH₃ substituent

🟥 A Ethyl
🟦 B Methyl
🟩 C Propyl
🟨 D Methene

10. CH₃–CH=CH₂

🟥 A Ethene
🟦 B Propadiene
🟩 C Propene
🟨 D Propyne

11. Suffix for ketone:

🟥 A al
🟦 B oic acid
🟩 C ol
🟨 D one

12. Which comes first alphabetically?

🟥 A Methyl
🟦 B Bromo
🟩 C Chloro
🟨 D Ethyl

13. CH≡CH

🟥 A Ethene
🟦 B Ethyne
🟩 C Ethanone
🟨 D Ethanal

14. CH₃–CH₂–CHO

🟥 A Propanal
🟦 B Propanone
🟩 C Ethanal
🟨 D Methanal

15. Correct numbering rule:

🟥 A Start from longest chain
🟦 B Start where substituent gets lowest number
🟩 C Start always from left
🟨 D Start only from functional group

16. Suffix for carboxylic acid:

🟥 A oic acid
🟦 B one
🟩 C al
🟨 D amine

17. (CH₃)₂CH–CH₃

🟥 A Isobutane
🟦 B 2-methylpropane
🟩 C Butane
🟨 D Propylmethane

18. CH₃–O–CH₃

🟥 A Dimethoxy
🟦 B Methanol
🟩 C Methoxymethane
🟨 D Ethanone

19. Suffix for amide:

🟥 A amide
🟦 B amine
🟩 C oate
🟨 D aldehyde

20. CH₃–CH₂–COOH

🟥 A Methanoic acid
🟦 B Propanoic acid
🟩 C Ethanoic acid
🟨 D Butanoic acid

✅ ANSWER KEY

1-B
2-B
3-A
4-C
5-B
6-C
7-A
8-D
9-B
10-C
11-D
12-B
13-B
14-A
15-B
16-A
17-B
18-C
19-A
20-B

🎯🔥 Advanced IUPAC Nomenclature Quiz (Difficult MCQs)

1. CH₃–CH(Br)–CH₂–CH(CH₃)–C≡CH

🟥 A 6-bromo-3-methylhex-1-yne
🟦 B 2-bromo-4-methylhex-5-yne
🟩 C 2-bromo-4-methylhex-1-yne
🟨 D 4-methyl-2-bromohex-1-yne

2. (CH₃)₃C–CH₂–CH₂–OH

🟥 A 4-methylbutan-2-ol
🟦 B 3,3-dimethylbutan-1-ol
🟩 C 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol
🟨 D 3,3-dimethylpentan-1-ol

3. HOOC–CH₂–CH₂–CH₂–COOH

🟥 A pentanoic acid
🟦 B butanedioic acid
🟩 C propanedioic acid
🟨 D pentanedioic acid

4. CH₃–CH₂–CH(OH)–CH₂–COOH

🟥 A 3-hydroxypentanoic acid
🟦 B 2-hydroxypentanoic acid
🟩 C 4-hydroxypentanoic acid
🟨 D 3-hydroxybutanoic acid

5. Benzene ring with NO₂ (1), Br (3), CH₃ (5)

🟥 A 3-bromo-5-nitrotoluene
🟦 B 5-bromo-3-nitrotoluene
🟩 C 3-bromo-5-methylnitrobenzene
🟨 D 3-bromo-5-nitro-1-methylbenzene

6. CH₃–C(=O)–O–CH₂–CH₂–CH₃

🟥 A propyl methanoate
🟦 B ethyl propanoate
🟩 C propyl ethanoate
🟨 D methyl propanoate

7. CH₃–C≡C–CH₂–OH

🟥 A but-3-yn-1-ol
🟦 B but-1-yn-3-ol
🟩 C but-2-yn-1-ol
🟨 D pent-2-yn-1-ol

8. CH₃–CH₂–C(=O)–NH–CH₃

🟥 A N-methylpropanamide
🟦 B methyl propanoate
🟩 C propanamide
🟨 D N-ethylpropanamide

9. Cyclohexane with OH at C-1, CH₃ at C-3

🟥 A 3-methylcyclohexan-1-ol
🟦 B 1-methylcyclohexan-3-ol
🟩 C 1-hydroxy-3-methylcyclohexane
🟨 D 3-hydroxy-1-methylcyclohexane

10. CH₂=CH–CH₂–C≡C–CH₃

🟥 A hex-4-en-1-yne
🟦 B hex-1-en-4-yne
🟩 C hex-2-en-5-yne
🟨 D hex-3-en-1-yne

11. HO–CH₂–CHO

🟥 A glycolaldehyde
🟦 B 2-hydroxyethanal
🟩 C ethan-1,2-diol
🟨 D hydroxyethanone

12. CH₃–CH(Cl)–CH(Br)–CH₂–CH₃

🟥 A 2-bromo-3-chloropentane
🟦 B 3-bromo-2-chloropentane
🟩 C 2-chloro-3-bromopentane
🟨 D 3-chloro-2-bromopentane

13. CH₃–CH₂–O–CH₂–CH₂–Cl

🟥 A 1-chloro-2-ethoxyethane
🟦 B 2-chloroethoxyethane
🟩 C chloroethyl ethyl ether
🟨 D 2-chloro-1-methoxyethane

14. Benzene ring with –COOH at 1, –NH₂ at 4

🟥 A 4-aminobenzoic acid
🟦 B p-aminobenzoic acid
🟩 C para-aminobenzoic acid
🟨 D all of the above

15. (CH₃)₂CH–C(=O)–CH₂–CH₃

🟥 A 3-methylpentan-2-one
🟦 B 2-methylbutan-3-one
🟩 C 4-methylpentan-2-one
🟨 D 3-methylbutan-2-one

✅ ANSWER KEY (Separate)

1-C
2-B
3-D
4-A
5-D
6-C
7-A
8-A
9-A
10-B
11-B
12-C
13-A
14-D
15-A

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IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds | Easy Guide for MDCAT & ECAT Students (updated notes 2026)| Score Full Marks on Nomenclature in 1 Hour (All Classes 9-12)