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Summary – Valency (Class IX & XII Chemistry)
Valency is the combining capacity of an element.
It tells us how many atoms of hydrogen or other elements an atom can combine with or replace during a chemical reaction.Valency is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell (valence shell) of an atom.
Metals lose electrons → show positive valency.
Non-metals gain electrons → show negative valency.
Some elements (like Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu)) can show variable valency, meaning they can have more than one combining capacity depending on the compound formed.
Understanding valency helps in writing chemical formulas, balancing equations, and predicting how substances react with each other.
💡 Tips to Remember:
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Elements in the same group of the periodic table have the same valency.
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Valency = number of electrons lost, gained, or shared to complete 8 electrons in the outer shell (octet rule).
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Learn with examples — e.g. Sodium (Na) loses 1 electron → Valency = 1.
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Practice writing formulas like H₂O, NaCl, CO₂ using valency rules.
🎓 Conclusion:
Valency is the foundation of understanding chemical bonding and compound formation.
Mastering this concept will make it easy to solve equations and identify how elements combine in chemical reactions.
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