Chemistry – Fundamentals of Chemistry Notes 2025 | Learn Chemistry by Inam Jazbi

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In this post, we’ll study the Fundamentals of Chemistry, the first chapter of Class X and XI Chemistry.

You’ll learn about matter, elements, compounds, atoms, molecules, physical and chemical changes, and the basic laws of chemical combination.

These notes are explained in simple language with key definitions, examples, and board exam focus points to make your preparation easy and fast.

📘 Chapter Name: Fundamentals of Chemistry

⚗️ Class: X / XI Chemistry

🧮 Main Topics: Matter, Elements, Compounds, Atomic Theory, Laws of Chemical Combination

🎯 Focus: Concept Building, Board Exam Questions, Definitions & Short Notes

📅 Updated: 2025 Edition

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 Fundamentals of Chemistry 

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🧠 Key Notes: Fundamentals of Chemistry

📌 1. Matter:

Anything that has mass and occupies space. Examples: air, water, iron, wood.

📌 2. Physical & Chemical Changes:

• Physical Change: No new substance formed (e.g. melting of ice).

• Chemical Change: New substance formed (e.g. burning of paper).

📌 3. Elements, Compounds & Mixtures:

• Element: A pure substance made of one type of atom (e.g. Hydrogen).

• Compound: Formed by chemical combination of two or more elements (e.g. Water).

• Mixture: Two or more substances mixed physically (e.g. Air).

📌 4. Atom:

The smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties.

📌 5. Molecule:

Two or more atoms chemically combined together. Example: O₂, H₂O.

📌 6. Laws of Chemical Combination:

• Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is neither created nor destroyed.

• Law of Constant Proportion: Elements always combine in fixed ratios.

📌 7. Dalton’s Atomic Theory:

Proposed by John Dalton — explained atoms as tiny, indivisible particles forming all matter.

📌 8. Symbols & Formulae:

• Symbol: Short form of an element (e.g. H for Hydrogen).

• Formula: Shows the composition of a compound (e.g. H₂O).

📌 9. Mole Concept:

1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro’s number). Used to measure atoms or molecules in a substance.

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Hope these notes on Fundamentals of Chemistry help you understand the basics of chemical science and prepare effectively for exams.

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