XII Practical Manual

 

List of Acid Radicals (Anions) in Salt Analysis

Acid radicals (Anions) are grouped on the basis of their decomposition either by dilute or concentrated H2SO4 and are identified by performing DRY TEST.

List of Basic Radicals (Cations) in Salt Analysis

 

Basic radicals (Cations) are grouped on the basis of their precipitation by different reagents in the increasing order of Ksp of their salts.

 

Analysis of dilute H₂SO₄/ dilute HCl Group (Acid Radicals Group I)

Experiment (Dried Test)

Original salt   +  dilute H₂SO₄ /dilute HCl +   Warm if need

[Liberation of different gases with characteristic smell and colour, indicates the presence of acid radicals of Group I]

Confirmatory Tests of Acid Radicals of Group I             

  

Analysis of Concentrated H₂SO₄ Group (Acid Radicals Group II)

Experiment

           O. salt  +  conc. H₂SO₄  +  Heat

[Evolution of gases of various colours / odours indicates the presence of acid radicals of Group II]

Confirmatory Tests of Acid Radicals of Group II

 

Analysis of BaCl2 / Ba(NO3)2 Group(Acid Radicals Group III)

Experiment

Soln of salt in dil. HCl  +  BaCl₂  ----> White ppt or no ppt    ------> May be SO₄²⁻/ PO₄³⁻

Separation of Basic Radicals (Cations)

 

Analysis and Confirmation of Cations of Group I

 

Analysis and Confirmation of Cations of Group II-A

 

Analysis and Confirmation of Cations of Group II-B

                                                            

 

Note

In the presence of a high concentration of HCl some cations of group II are not precipitated. So the absence of group II is ensured by diluting the H2S with water.

Analysis and Confirmation of Cations of Group III

Analysis and Confirmation of Cations of Group IV

 

Analysis and Confirmation of Cations of Group V

 

Analysis and Confirmation of Cations of Group VI

 

Preliminary Examination of the Salt

 

Sample Paper No 1 on Salt Analysis (Analysis of FeCl₃)

 

Object: Identify the given salt both by dry and wet tests.

Result

Basic radical   ---------  Fe³⁺  

Acid radical     ---------  Cl¯

Salt                  --------- FeCl₃ (ferric chloride)

Sample Paper No 2 on Salt Analysis (Analysis of NiSO₄)

 

Object: Identify the given salt both by dry and wet tests.

 

Result

Basic radical   ------  Ni²⁺         

Acid radical -------  SO₄²⁻        

Salt      -------  NiSO₄       (Nickel sulphate)

 

  

Sample Paper No 3 on Salt Analysis (Analysis of NH₄Br)

 Object: Identify the given salt both by dry and wet tests.

Result 

Basic radical   ----- NH₄⁺         

Acid radical ----- Br⁻        

Salt  ------  NH₄Br (Ammonium Bromide)

Sample Paper No 4 on Salt Analysis (Analysis of CaCO₃)

 

Object; Identify the given salt both by dry and wet tests.

Sample Paper No 5 on Salt Analysis (Analysis of Cr (NO₃)₂)

 

Object             Identify the given salt both by dry and wet tests.

Result

Basic radical ------ Cr³⁺    

Acid radical ----- NO₃⁻   

Salt ------- Cr(NO₃)₃ (chromium nitrate)

 

 

 

II. Biochemical Tests

 

General Scheme for the Detection of Carbohydrates

 

Tests for Carbohydrates

 

 

Tests for Proteins

 

 

 

Tests for Fats and Oils

 

Model Paper # 1 on Biochemical Tests (Analysis of glucose)

 

Object             Identify carbohydrates /proteins/ fats or oils in given sample of organic compounds.

 

Coming Soon