XI Chemistry New Book Concise Notes 2025

 XI Chemistry New Book Concise Notes 2025


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O-Level MCQs Test on Chemical Bonding Set II (Past Papers)



O-Level MCQs Test on Chemical Bonding Set II (Past Papers)

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Chemistry and its Branches



Definition of Chemistry                             

Why does a cake rise in the oven?

What are fireworks made from?

How does my stomach digest food?

How does gasoline make an engine run?

What is the proper way to describe hot and cold?

What creates the shape of a snowflake?

Why does iron rust?

How can soot and diamond be so different in appearance yet so chemically similar?

What makes propane such an efficient, clean-burning fuel?

 

These questions and many more are answered with chemistry. Chemistry has the power to explain innumerable phenomena in the world, from the ordinary to the bizarre. Understanding chemistry is the key to understanding the world as we know it. Chemistry is the study of the make-up of all things and how they behave.

 

“Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with the study of composition, structure, properties (physical and chemical) and transformation of matter along with the chemical changes that occur in it. It involves the study of physical and chemical changes that matter undergoes and the energy changes accompanying these changes and the laws and principles governing these changes.”

OR

Chemistry is the scientific study of matter and its interactions with other matter and energy. Chemistry deals with chemical elements and compounds, which consist of atoms and molecules, and the reactions between them. Chemistry examines the materials of the universe and changes that these materials undergo

 

Everything we hear, see, smell, taste, and touch involves chemistry and chemicals (matter). And hearing, seeing, tasting, and touching all involves intricate series of chemical reactions and interactions in our body. With such an enormous range of topics, it is essential to know about chemistry at some level to understand the world around us.

 

Chemistry as a Central Science

Chemistry is sometimes called “the central science,” because it bridges physics with other natural sciences, such as geology and biology.

 

Matter

Matter; anything having mass and volume

Mass; the quantity of matter contained in a body

Volume; space occupied by body (quantification of how much space an object occupies)

Space; the free area between two material objects

Everything that is anything is matter. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and takes up space. You are matter; trees, houses, rocks, water and even the air you breathe are matter. Not everything that is a known is matter, however. Time, dreams, heat or light are not matter. They do not have any mass and they do not take up space. They are not made of matter.

 

Origin of Word Chemistry

The word chemistry is derived from the word “Kheem”, an old name of Egypt due to black colour of Egyptian soil.

 

But some experts believed that the word chemistry came from the word “Chyma” meaning melt or cast.

 

As the time passed on the word changed to Al-kimyain in Arabic and then to chemistry” in English.

 

Branches of Chemistry

The complete understanding and mastery over vast scientific knowledge is almost impossible. To facilitate the study of science, it has been subdivided into different disciplines. Chemistry, being a vast discipline of science has also been divided into a number of branches to facilitate its study. As our universe is an integrated unit so is its knowledge. There are no clear-cut boundaries between these branches. Chemists have made these divisions for the sake of their own convenience.

 

All these branches of chemistry must deal with each other one way or another. If they did not work in unison it would be impossible for these chemistries to perform the functions we need for experiments. Thus all these branches of chemistry overlap each other.

For example, one would not be able to measure the change in an organic or inorganic substance without knowing how to use analytical chemistry or without some proficiency in analytical chemistry. Chemistry can be divided into branches according to either the substances studied or the types of study conducted. The primary division of the first type is inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry and divisions of the second type are physical chemistry and analytical chemistry.











Summary of Branches of Chemistry

The chemistry has been divided into following main branches: 






1.   Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with relationship between composition and physical properties of matter with the changes in them.

 

2.    It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the physical properties of substances and their    dependence on chemical bonding.

 

3.    It deals with the forces and laws and principles governing the combination of atoms and molecules  especially concerned with energy changes in physical and chemical processes.

 

4.    The branch of Chemistry that deals with laws and theories to understand the structure and changes of matter is called Physical Chemistry

 

5. It is concerned with structure of atoms and molecules, behaviour of gases, liquids and solids,  effect of temperature or radiation on matter etc.

 

6. Important areas of study of physical chemistry include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, ionic equilibria, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy.

 

Inorganic Chemistry

It is that branch of chemistry that deals with the study of all elements and their compounds generally obtained from non-living or mineral origin except carbon-hydrogen (hydrocarbons) compounds and their derivatives (organic compounds). It is applicable in all areas of chemical industry such as glass, cement, ceramics and metallurgy.

 

Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the properties and behaviour of all elements in the periodic table and inorganic compounds, which include metals, minerals, acids, bases, salts, and organometallic compounds. 

 

Organic Chemistry

1. It is the branch of chemistry which deals with hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

 CH4 (methane, HC)     ====== CH3Cl                (chloromethane; Derivative of methane)

C2H6 (Ethane, HC)       ====== C2H5OH           (ethanol; Derivative of ethane)

C2H4 (Ethene)====== C2H3Cl              (Chloroethene; Derivative of ethene)

Ethyne (C2H2)

Benzene            (C6H6)

Glucose             (C6H12O6)

Sugar                  (C12H22O11)     

Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)

Acetic acid       (CH3COOH)

Chloroform     (CHCl3)

 

2. Organic chemistry is the study of structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds generally obtained from living organisms.

 

Organic chemistry is the study of structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds generally obtained from living organisms, which include hydrocarbons and their derivatives with the exception of carbon oxides (CO, CO2,), metal carbonates (CO32−), bicarbonates (HCO3), cyanides (CN), thoicyantes (CNS), cyanates (CNO) and carbides (C4−).

 

3. The gasoline, plastics, detergents, dyes, food additives, natural gas, and medicines are studied in the organic chemistry.

 

Biochemistry

It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the compounds of living organisms i.e. plants and animals (such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids etc.) and their reactions (metabolism) and synthesis in living organisms (i.e. in plants and animals).

Biochemistry is the backbone of medical science. This branch is useful in medicine, agriculture and food science.

Biochemistry helps us to understand how living things obtain energy from food. It tells that how disorder or deficiency of these biomolecules causes diseases.

Industrial Chemistry

It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of different chemical processes involved for commercial manufacturing of synthetic products (like cements, glass, cement, paper, fertilizers, medicines, plastics, paints, soaps, detergents, soda ash, caustic soda etc.).

 

It is the application of chemical knowledge in technology and industry for preparation of industrial products on large scale. Industrial chemistry helps us in the manufacturing of the industrial products and their uses.

 

The branch of Chemistry that deals with the methods and use of technology in the large-scale production of useful substances is called industrial chemistry.

 

Nuclear chemistry

It deals with the changes occurring in the nuclei of atoms accompanied by emission of radiation. It also deals with the characteristics of radioactivity or radioactive processes both natural and artificial, nuclear processes and atomic energy generated there.

 

Radioactive elements are widely used in medicine as diagnostic tools and as a means of treatment, especially for cancer, preservation of food and generation of electric power through nuclear power reactors.

 

Analytical Chemistry

1.Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with separation and analysis of kind,  quality and quantity of various components in given substance.

 

2. It deals with the methods and techniques used to determine the kind and quantity of various   components in a given substance.

 

3. Analytical chemistry seeks to determine the exact chemical compositions of substances. It used in chromatography, electrophoresis and spectroscopy.

 

4. Analytical chemistry is concerned with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of different substances.

 

5. The branch of Chemistry that deals with the methods and instruments for determining the exact chemical composition of matter (substances) is called Analytical Chemistry

 

6. It used in chromatography, electrophoresis and spectroscopy.

 

Stoichiometry

Chemistry equations provide a powerful symbolic notation to express qualitative and quantitative details of chemical transformations i.e. chemical change. The calculation which deals with Stoichiometry (means 'to measure an element'), the fundamental concept is that the chemical equation, if interpreted correctly, is basis for all such calculations.

 

Types

Analytical chemistry can be split into two main types, qualitative and quantitative:

 

(1) Qualitative analysis, It involves identification of a substance i.e. composition of chemical species

(i) Qualitative inorganic analysis is used to identify the presence of a given element or inorganic compound in a sample.


(ii) Qualitative organic analysis is used to detect the presence of a given functional group or organic compound in a sample.

 

(2) Quantitative analysis determines the amount of each component present in a sample.

 

Environmental Chemistry

It is the study of the interaction of various chemical materials and their effects on human or animals and plants environment.

Pollution, personal hygiene and health hazards are important aspects of environmental chemistry.

 

The branch of Chemistry that deals with the chemicals and toxic substances that pollute the environment and their adverse effects on human beings is called environmental chemistry

Medicinal Chemistry

It deals with synthetic organic chemistry, pharmacology and various biological specialties.

 

The medicinal chemistry is used in synthesis of chemicals, bioactive molecules (Drugs) and pharmaceutical agents.

 

Quantum Chemistry/ molecular quantum mechanics

1. It deals with application of quantum mechanics and experiments of physical models in chemical system at the atomic level.

 

2. It is also called molecular quantum mechanics.

 

3. It  is a branch of physical chemistry deals with the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and     subatomic scale. It attempts to describe and account for the properties of molecules and atoms and       their constituents—electrons, protons, neutrons, and other more esoteric particles such as quarks and  gluons

 

4. One of the most important principles underlying quantum chemistry is that of wave-particle duality. Quantum objects have both particle-like properties (such as mass, charge, and energy) and wave-like properties (such as wavelength and frequency). We can see this when we observe light traveling through a prism.

 

5. Chemists rely heavily on spectroscopy through which information regarding the quantization of energy on a molecular scale can be obtained. Common methods are infra-red (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear          magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and scanning probe microscopy. Quantum chemistry may be applied to the prediction and verification of spectroscopic data as well as other experimental  data.

 

Green Chemistry/sustainable chemistry

1. Green chemistry can be defined as the practice of chemical science and manufacturing in a manner   that is sustainable, safe, and non-polluting and that consumes minimum amounts of materials and       energy while producing little or no waste material. In other words, Green chemistry is the study of designing of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal.

 

2. Green chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the design and optimization of processes   and chemical products in order to lower or remove completely, the production and use of toxic   substances. Green chemistry is not the same as environmental chemistry. It focuses on the  environmental impact of chemistry and the development of sustainable practices that are  environment-friendly (such as a reduction in the consumption of non-renewable resources and strategies to control environmental pollution).

 

3. It deals with study of processes and designing products, which are composed of less hazardous      substances.

 

4. The main purpose of this branch is to use waste materials efficiently and improvement of energy      efficiency in chemical industry.

 

5.  Safer chemical (polyphenylsulfon), less hazardous chemical (poly carbons) and safer         biodegradable Green solvents are examples of green chemistry.

 

Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU, PPSF)

Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU, PPSF) is an amorphous, heat-resistant and transparent high-performance thermoplastic synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution between difluorodiphenyl sulfone and the sodium salt of 4,4-dyhydroxybiphenyl with elimination of sodium fluoride. The biphenylene ether unit of PPSU markedly increases the impact strength and reduces the notch sensitivity, resulting in high notched (Izod) impact values which exceeds those of other polysulfones (PSU, PES). It also contributes to ease of melt fabrication.

 

Commercially important polysulfones are prepared by condensation of 4,4'-bis(chlorophenyl)sulfone with various bisphenols. Two bisphenols for this application are bisphenol A (the polymer being called PSF) and 4,4'-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone (the polymer being called PES).

 

PPSU is the highest performing polysulfone. It is known for its high toughness, high flexural and tensile strength, excellent hydrolytic stability and good resistance to chemicals and heat. Compared to the two other polyethersulfones PSU and PES, it has superior mechanical properties, but it is also more expensive, and thus, less widely used. It also has the best chemical resistance of all polyethersulfones. For example, it is highly resistant to aqueous mineral acids, bases, and oxidizing agents and most solvents. However, aromatic solvents and oxygenated solvents, such as ketones and ethers, might cause some stress cracking.

 

Applications of Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU, PPSF)

PPSF is a moldable plastic often used in rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing (direct digital manufacturing) applications. Polyphenylsulfone is heat and chemical-resistant suited for automotive, aerospace, and plumbing applications.

 

PPSU is often an excellent choice for components that are exposed to high temperatures and corrosive media because it has exceptional chemical resistance. Examples include pipe fittings, battery containers, medical device parts, and sterilizable products for health care and nursing. Polyphenylsulfone is also used in the automotive and aerospace industries for applications where superior thermal and mechanical properties relative to conventional resins are required.

 

Polycarbonates (PC)

Polycarbonates (PC) are a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are strong, tough materials, and some grades are optically transparent. They are easily worked, molded, and thermoformed. Because of these properties, polycarbonates find many applications.

 

Products made from polycarbonate can contain the precursor monomer bisphenol A (BPA).

 

Among the uses of the polycarbonates and their blends are:

medical   (for example, for dialysis housing and spectacle lenses)

electro-electronic (for example, sockets, lamp covers,

fuse-boxes, computer and television housings)

▶ construction           (for example, stadium roofs, signs, skylights)

optical storage      (CDs, DVD, HD-DVDs)

cars (interior lighting and headlamps, sunroofs, side windows, radiators, grilles, bumpers)

packaging                 (large water bottles)

 

Green Solvents

Green solvents are ecological- or environmentally-friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable solvents or bio-solvents, which are derived from the processing of agricultural crops.

 

The use of petrochemical solvents is the key to the majority of chemical processes but not without severe implications on the environment. Green solvents were developed as a more environmentally friendly alternative to petrochemical solvents.

 

Examples of Green Solvents

Ethyl lactate, for example, is a green solvent derived from processing corn. Ethyl lactate is the ester of lactic acid. Lactate ester solvents are commonly used solvents in the paints and coatings industry and have numerous attractive advantages including being 100% biodegradable, easy to recycle, noncorrosive, non-carcinogenic, and non-ozone-depleting. Ethyl lactate is a particularly attractive solvent for the coatings industry as a result of its high solvency power, high boiling point, low vapor pressure, and low surface tension. It is a desirable coating for wood, polystyrene, and metals and also acts as a very effective paint stripper and graffiti remover. Ethyl lactate has replaced solvents such as toluene, acetone, and xylene, resulting in a much safer workplace. Other applications of ethyl lactate include being an excellent cleaner for the polyurethane industry. Ethyl lactate has a high solvency power, which means it is able to dissolve a wide range of polyurethane resins. The excellent cleaning power of ethyl lactate also means it can be used to clean a variety of metal surfaces, efficiently removing greases, oils, adhesives, and solid fuels. The use of ethyl lactate is highly valuable, as it has eliminated the use of chlorinated solvents.

 

There are many types of green solvents like ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, water, and supercritical water. These green solvents are way much eco-friendly, less toxic, less hazardous than traditional volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

 

Aim of GC

The goal of green chemistry (GC) is the design (or redesign) of products and manufacturing processes to reduce their impact on human health and the environment. Fundamental to the GC concept is the idea of sustainability – reducing environmental impacts and conserving natural resources for future generations. It aims to improve the efficiency with which natural resources are used for chemical products.

GC is used

To prevent pollution at the molecular level

As a philosophy that applies to all areas of chemistry, not a single discipline of chemistry

To apply innovative scientific solutions to real-world environmental problems

In resulting in source reduction because it prevents the generation of pollution

To reduce the negative impacts of chemical products and processes on human health and the environment

To lessen and sometimes eliminates hazard from existing products and processes

To design chemical products and processes to reduce their intrinsic hazards

 

The 12 Key Principles of Green Chemistry

Prevention of waste

Atom economy

Avoiding the generation of hazardous chemicals

The design of safe chemicals

Design of safe auxiliaries and solvents

Energy efficiency

Incorporation of renewable feedstock

Reduction in the generation of derivatives

Incorporation of Catalysis

Designing the chemicals for degradation

 

Incorporating real-time analysis

Incorporation of safe chemistry for the prevention of accidents

 

Prevention of waste:

Preventing the formation of waste products is always preferable to the clean-up of the waste once it is generated.

 

Atom economy:

The synthetic processes and methods that are devices through green chemistry must always try to maximise the consumption and incorporation of all the raw materials into the final product. This must strictly be followed in order to minimise the waste generated by any process.

 

Avoiding the generation of hazardous chemicals:

Reactions and processes that involve the synthesis of certain toxic substances that pose hazards to human health must be optimised in order to prevent the generation of such substances.

 

The design of safe chemicals

During the design of chemical products that accomplish a specific function, care must be taken to make the chemical as non-toxic to humans and the environment as possible.

 

Design of safe auxiliaries and solvents

The use of auxiliaries in processes must be avoided to the largest possible extent. Even in the circumstances where they absolutely need to be employed, they must be optimized to be as non-hazardous as possible.

 

Energy efficiency

The amount of energy consumed by the process must be minimized to the maximum possible extent.

 

Incorporation of renewable feedstock

The use of renewable feedstock and renewable raw materials must be preferred over the use of non-renewable ones.

 

 

Reduction in the generation of derivatives

The unnecessary use of derivatives must be minimalized since they tend to require the use of additional reagents and chemicals, resulting in the generation of excess waste.

 

Incorporation of Catalysis

In order to reduce the energy requirements of the chemical reactions in the process, the use of chemical catalysts and catalytic reagents must be advocated.

 

Designing the chemicals for degradation

When designing a chemical product in order to serve a specific function, care must be taken during the design process to make sure that the chemical is not an environmental pollutant. This can be done by making sure that the chemical breaks down into non-toxic substances.

 

Incorporating real-time analysis

Processes and analytical methodologies must be developed to the point that they can offer real-time data for their monitoring. This can enable the involved parties to stop or control the process before toxic/dangerous substances are formed.

 

Incorporation of safe chemistry for the prevention of accidents

While designing chemical processes, it is important to make sure that the substances that are used in the processes are safe to use. This can help prevent certain workplace accidents, such as explosions and fires. Furthermore, this can help develop a safer environment for the process to take place in.

 

Examples of the Impact of Green Chemistry

Use of Green Solvents

Many chemical synthesis reactions that are carried out on an industrial scale require large amounts of chemical solvents. Furthermore, these solvents are also used industrially for degreasing and cleaning purposes. However, many traditional solvents that have been used for such purposes in the past are known to be toxic to human beings. Some such solvents are also known to be chlorinated.

The advancement of green chemistry has brought many alternatives to these toxic solvents. The green solvents that are coming up as alternatives are known to be derived from renewable sources and are also known to be biodegradable. Thus, green chemistry has great potential to lower the toxicity of certain industrial environments by developing safer alternatives.

 

Development of Specialized Synthetic Techniques

The development of specialized synthetic techniques can optimize processes in order to make them more environmentally friendly by making them adhere to the principles of green chemistry. An important example of such an enhanced synthetic technique is the development of the olefin metathesis reaction in the field of organic chemistry. This reaction, developed by Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, and Yves Chauvin, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in the year 2005.

 

Other notable developments brought forward by advancements in green chemistry include:

The employment of supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent (as an alternative to other toxic solvents).

Incorporating the use of hydrogen in enantioselective synthesis reactions (also known as asymmetric synthesis).

Incorporating aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide (a chemical compound with the formula H2O2) to drive relatively clean oxidation reactions.

Other notable applications of green chemistry include supercritical water oxidation (often abbreviated to SCWO), dry media reactions (also known as solid-state reactions and solvent fewer reactions), and on water reactions.

 

Production of Hydrazine

Initially, the most popular method for the production of hydrazine (an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula N2H4) was the Olin Raschig process, which involved the use of ammonia and sodium hypochlorite. However, with the development of green chemistry, a more environment-friendly alternative to this process was discovered.

 

In the peroxide process for the production of hydrazine, ammonia is reacted with hydrogen peroxide. In this alternate method, water is produced as the only side product. It can also be noted that the peroxide process does not require any auxiliary extracting solvents.

 

Polymeric Chemistry

It deals with the process of polymerization and the products obtained through the process of polymerization called polymers (such as plastics, synthetic fibers, papers etc.)

 (CH2=CH2)    (– CH2 – CH2 – )n 






Vinegar contains 5% acetic acid. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a colourless liquid that has characteristic vinegar like smell. It is used to flavour food. Various types of studies on this compound can help you to differentiate between various branches of chemistry.

 

1. Explanation of its transformation into gaseous state or solid state, applications of laws and theories to understand its structure is physical chemistry.

 

2. Since this is a carbon compound, its method of preparations and study of its physical and chemical characteristics is organic chemistry.

 

3. But the study of its component elements, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen is inorganic chemistry. This is because inorganic chemistry deals with elements and their compounds except carbon compounds.

However, some carbon compounds such as CO2 , CO, metal carbonates, hydrogen carbonates and carbides are studied in inorganic chemistry.

 

4. The study of chemical reactions that acetic acid undergoes in the bodies of human beings is biochemistry.

 

5. Use of technology and ways to obtain acetic acid on the large scale is industrial chemistry.

 

6. The study of the effect of radioactive radiations or neutron on this compound or its component elements  is nuclear chemistry.

 

7. The study of any adverse effects of this compound or the compounds that are derived from it, on the  humans is environmental chemistry.

 

8. The method and instruments used to determine its percentage composition, melting point, boiling point etc. is analytical chemistry.

 

Identify the branch of chemistry in each of the following examples:

1. Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.

2. Plantation helps in overcoming greenhouse effect.

3. Haber’s process converts large quantities of hydrogen and nitrogen into ammonia NH3

4. Ammonia is a colourless gas with pungent irritating odour. It is highly soluble in water.

5. A chemist performed an experiment to check the percentage purity of a sample of glucose C6H12O6

6. An analyst determines that NO2 is responsible for acid rain.

7. Chlorofluorocarbon compounds are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer.

8. α-particles (He2+) when bombard on nitrogen atom, a proton is emitted.


Problem Solving strategy:

Concentrate on the basic definition of each branch of chemistry and identify branch of chemistry in each example.

 

Solution:

1. Biochemistry, since photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that occurs in plants (living organism).

2. Environmental chemistry, since greenhouse effect is an environmental problem.

3. Industrial chemistry, since large scale production of any substance is the subject of industrial chemistry.

4. Inorganic chemistry, since it deals with properties of inorganic compounds.

5. Analytical chemistry, since it deals with analysis of a compound, whether organic or inorganic in nature.

6. Environmental chemistry, since acid rain is an environmental problem.

7. Environmental chemistry, since depletion of ozone layer is environmental problem.

8. Nuclear chemistry, since nuclear change can emit protons

 

Identify the branch of chemistry that is related to the following information:

1. Hair contain a special class of proteins called keratins, which are present in nails and wool. Proteins     contain chains of C-atoms.

2. Acetylene is the simplest hydrocarbon that contains carbon-carbon triple bond. Hydrocarbons are the compounds of carbon and hydrogen.

3. White lead is a pigment used by artists for centuries, the metal Pb in the compound is extracted from its        ore, galena (PbS).

4. Sulphuric acid H2SO4 is extremely corrosive to skin.

5. Gases can be compressed by applying pressure.

6. Meat, Milk and eggs contain long chains of carbon compounds.

7. Element radium decays by emitting α-particles and is converted into another element radon.

8. Calorimeter is a device that measures the amount of heat, a substance absorbs on heating or emits on  cooling.

 

 

Importance of Branches of Chemistry

 

Chemistry plays a vital role in the modern world. It has not only changed our standard of living but also has improved health conditions. Every branch of chemistry has its own importance in human life.

 

1.        Biochemistry is the backbone of medical science.

 

2.        Industrial chemistry helps us in manufacturing of industrial products.

 

3.        Environmental chemistry tell us that how one can protect its environment from environmental hazards.

 

4.        Analytical chemistry is important to understand the composition of compounds, quality of products, analysis of biological samples (urine, blood, milk etc.)

 

5.        Nuclear chemistry gives atomic energy that can be used in various fields. It also provides us Radioisotopes for the treatment of many diseases such as cancer.

 

Importance of Chemistry in daily Life (Role of Chemistry in Society)

 

The role of chemistry in daily life is unavoidable fact.

 

1. Cooking, eating and digestion of food are purely chemical processes.

 

2. Construction, cleaning and washing of our homes are dependable on chemistry.

 

3. The production of fertilizers, glass, plastic synthetic fiber, polymer, ceramics, petroleum products,             soaps, and detergents etc. are based on chemistry.

 

4. The diseases transmitted through impure drinking water as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, skin and eye          infections can be controlled with the help of chlorine treatment to kill the pathogenic organism to         obtain pure water.

 

5. The chlorine is most important chemical which used commercially to produce more than one            thousands compounds which are used in chemical industry as bleaching agent, disinfectants,               solvents, pesticides, refrigerates, PVC and drugs are miracles of chemistry.

 



 

              Historical Back Ground of Chemistry           (Time Chronology of Chemistry)

 
















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